To further determine the fouling behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on different hydrophilic PVDF ultrafiltration (UF) membranes over a range of pH values, self-made atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probes were used to detect the adhesion forces of membrane–BSA and BSA–BSA, respectively. Results showed that the membrane–BSA adhesion interaction was stronger than the BSA–BSA adhesion interaction, and the adhesion force between BSA–BSA-fouled PVDF/PVA membranes was similar to that between BSA–BSA-fouled PVDF/PVP membranes, which indicated that the fouling was mainly caused by the adhesion interaction between membrane and BSA. At the same pH condition, the PVDF/PVA membrane–BSA adhesion force was smaller than that of PVDF/ PVP membrane–BSA, which illustrated that the more hydrophilic the membrane was, the better antifouling ability it had. The extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (XDLVO) theory predicts that the polar or Lewis acid–base (AB) interaction played a dominant role in the interfacial free energy of membrane–BSA and BSA–BSA that can be affected by pH. For the same membrane, the pH values of a BSA solution can have a significant impact on the process of membrane fouling by changing the AB component of free energy.
We studied various soil characteristics associated with Scirpus mariqueter growth and spatial heterogeneity in the Shanghai Nanhui Dongtan wetlands. In September and October 2015, 12 soil characteristics (soil organic carbon, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, orthophosphate, pH, moisture content, particle size, salinity, and tidal elevation) were analyzed from 101 soil samples. The key factors affecting S. mariqueter spatial distribution were determined using canonical correspondence analysis and curve-fitting analysis. Results showed that vegetation indices of height, cover, density, and biomass were positively correlated (P?<?0.05) with tidal flat elevation. S. mariqueter was mainly distributed at tidal flat elevations of 2.0–3.4 m. Plant coverage and density were positively correlated (P?<?0.05) with total nitrogen and soil salinity. Based on the curve-fitting and independent samples t-test analyses, thresholds of total nitrogen, conductivity, and tidal flat elevation of soil were 0.5475 g/kg, 0.8368 μS/cm, and 2.75 m, respectively. This study provides critical data for future coastal wetland remediation worldwide. 相似文献
• PPCPs had the highest removal efficiency in A2O combined with MBR process (86.8%).• ARGs and OPFRs were challenging to remove (6.50% and 31.0%, respectively).• Octocrylene and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate posed high risks to aquatic organisms.• Meta-analysis was used to compare the ECs removal in wastewater treatment.• Membrane treatment technology is the most promising treatment for ECs removal. Reclaimed water has been widely applied in irrigation and industrial production. Revealing the behavior of emerging contaminants in the production process of reclaimed water is the first prerequisite for developing relevant water quality standards. This study investigated 43 emerging contaminants, including 22 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), 11 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), and 10 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in 3 reclaimed wastewater treatment plants (RWTPs) in Beijing. The composition profiles and removal efficiencies of these contaminants in RWTPs were determined. The results indicated that the distribution characteristics of the different types of contaminants in the three RWTPs were similar. Caffeine, sul2 and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate were the dominant substances in the wastewater, and their highest concentrations were 27104 ng/L, 1.4 × 107 copies/mL and 262 ng/L, respectively. Ofloxacin and sul2 were observed to be the dominant substances in the sludge, and their highest concentrations were 5419 ng/g and 3.7 × 108 copies/g, respectively. Anaerobic/anoxic/oxic system combined with the membrane bioreactor process achieved a relatively high aqueous removal of PPCPs (87%). ARGs and OPFRs were challenging to remove, with average removal rates of 6.5% and 31%, respectively. Quantitative meta-analysis indicated that tertiary treatment processes performed better in emerging contaminant removal than secondary processes. Diethyltoluamide exhibited the highest mass load discharge, with 33.5 mg/d per 1000 inhabitants. Octocrylene and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate posed high risks (risk quotient>1.0) to aquatic organisms. This study provides essential evidence to screen high priority pollutants and develop corresponding standard in RWTPs. 相似文献