Effects of environmental factors on the production and release of matrix-bound phosphine from lake sediments

Effects of pH, temperature, and oxygen on the production and release of phosphine in eutrophic lake sediments were investigated under laboratory tests. Results indicated that the elimination of matrix-bound phosphine was accelerated under initial pH 1 or 12. Phosphine levels could reach maximum under initial pH 10. The contents of phosphine increased with the addition of alkali under pH 4–12. The rates of phosphine production and release from lake sediments varied with temperature. 20°C was the most favorable temperature for the production of matrix-bound phosphine. Oxygen showed little effect on matrix-bound phosphine. Matrix-bound phosphine concentrations in lake sediments were concluded to be dependent on a balance of natural generation and depletion processes.     

A review of membrane fouling in municipal secondary effluent reclamation

Reclamation of municipal secondary effluent for non-potable purposes is considered vital in alleviating the demand for existing limited water supplies while helping to protect remaining water sources from being polluted. In recent decades, reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membrane technologies have become increasingly attractive for reclamation of municipal secondary effluent because they are highly efficient, easy to operate, and economical. However, membrane fouling is a major obstacle in the development of membrane technology in municipal secondary effluent reclamation. This paper reviews three types of membrane fouling in municipal secondary effluent reclamation, namely, effluent organic matter (EfOM) membrane fouling, microbial membrane fouling, and inorganic membrane fouling, as well as their correlation. Membrane fouling by EfOM and microbes are found to be severe, and they are significantly correlated. Most previous studies conducted laboratory-scale experiments of membrane fouling with model organic matters and bacteria, but these model organic matters and bacteria might still be unrepresentative. More studies on membrane fouling in municipal secondary effluent reclamation with actual wastewater are essential.     

三效催化转化器催化剂硫中毒机理

在一种详细的表面反应机理中加入了包含贵金属催化剂与助催化剂的硫中毒基元反应,建立了新的三效催化转化器催化反应机理。利用该机理进行了稳态工况数值模拟,得到了各排气污染物起燃温度与转化效率随尾气中SO2浓度的变化情况。采用灰色关联分析了SO2浓度与各排气组分转化效率的关联度,结果表明,SO2浓度对C3H6与NOx转化效率影响最大。对三效催化转化器的催化剂活性设计具有重要的参考价值,并对其工况设计及优化提供了指导。     

Effective removal of Cd2+ and Pb2+ pollutants from wastewater by dielectrophoresis-assisted adsorption

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) process could enhance the removal the Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ with less absorbent. The removal rates of both Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ increased with the increase of voltage. The overall removal rate of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ in the binary system is higher than that of Cd²⁺ or Pb²⁺ in the single system. DEP could cause considerable changes of the bentonite particles in both surface morphology and microstructure. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) was combined with adsorption (ADS) to simultaneously and effectively remove Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ species from aqueous solution. To implement the process, bentonite particles of submicro-meter size were used to first adsorb the heavy metal ions. These particles were subsequently trapped and removed by DEP. The effects of the adsorbent dosage, DEP cell voltage and the capture pool numbers on the removal rate were investigated in batch processes, which allowed us to determine the optimal experimental conditions. The high removal efficiency, 97.3% and 99.9% for Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺, respectively, were achieved when the ions are coexisting in the system. The microstructure of bentonite particles before and after ADS/DEP was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Our results suggest that the dielectrophoresis-assisted adsorption method has a high capability to remove the heavy metals from wastewater.     

粉煤灰的环境污染与综合利用

在文献调研的基础上,分析了粉煤灰对环境造成的污染及在建筑、筑路、农业等方面的综合利用情况,发现其效益非常明显,每利用1万t粉煤灰,可为火力发电厂节约征地200m~2,减少灰场投资运行费2～8万元.节约灰运费2～5万元。介绍了粉煤灰在废水处理和废气净化方面的应用,在此基础上,讨论了其中存在的问题和解决对策。在净化废水方面,对COD、BOD_5、色度等都有较好的去除作用;在废气净化方面,用粉煤灰作脱硫剂来脱除燃煤烟气中的SO_2,效果良好。     

辽宁省地下水环境问题

为制定辽宁省地下水环境保护对幕提供科学依据，在辽宁省地下水问题调查的基础上，对辽宁省地下水超采、海水入侵、地下水污染环境变化趋势等进行了分析。     

电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定地表水中痕量钒

建立电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定地表水中的钒的方法。优化了仪器条件后,水样经硝酸酸化后,用ICP-MS直接测定溶液中的钒含量。方法在0.0μg/L-100μg/L范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.04μg/L,其回收率在98.4%-100.2%之间,相对标准偏差小于1.0%。本方法具有检出限低,准确度高,精密度好的特点,完全满足地表水、饮用水等实际样品的测试的需要。     

基于水分变化的砷抑制土壤碱性磷酸酶动力学特征研究

为研究水分条件对砷抑制土壤碱性磷酸酶动力学特征的影响,本文采用室内模拟培养试验方法,以江苏水稻土为供试土壤,在35%、65%、110%最大持水量(WHC)下,利用酶动力学手段较为系统地分析了砷污染下水分对土壤碱性磷酸酶动力学参数及机理的影响.结果表明:碱性磷酸酶动力学参数Km随砷浓度增加而增大,Vmax(110%WHC)、Vmax/Km、k则相应降低,表明砷污染从本质上抑制了酶促反应的进行.Km、Vmax、Vmax/Km、k、Ki随水分含量增加而减小,表明水分含量升高虽增加了酶-底物亲和力,但最终减缓了酶促反应的发生.Y=A/(1+B×C)模型较好拟合了动力学参数Vmax/Km(Y)与土壤砷浓度(C)的关系,表明Vmax/Km在一定程度上可表征不同水分下土壤砷污染程度,并计算获得水稻土砷轻度污染临界值为20.45 mg·kg~(-1),此值与国家土壤质量标准中的二级污染标准较为接近.干燥(35%WHC)和湿润(65%WHC)下砷抑制碱性磷酸酶活性机理为完全竞争性抑制,淹水(110%WHC)下则为以完全非竞争性抑制为主的线性混合抑制作用.研究表明,各个酶动力学参数可分别从不同角度揭示砷抑制碱性磷酸酶活性机理上的差异,水分主要通过影响Km、Vmax而改变抑制机理.     

全自动甲基汞分析仪测定水源水中甲基汞实验研究

建立了全自动甲基汞分析仪测定水源水中甲基汞的方法,过程简单,可获得较理想的结果.实验采用直接法测定水源水中的甲基汞含量,优化仪器分析条件;在0 ～1 000 pg的范围内,标准工作曲线线性良好;仪器检测限达到0.003 ng/L,低于水源水中限量要求;实际水样加标回收率在86.5％ ～935％之间;标准样品分析合格;测定标准样品的相对误差为1.4％;运用适当的质控手段,可较好的满足水源水中痕量甲基汞的测定需求.     

基于状态空间法人文因素对大连市生态环境的影响研究

以大连市为研究区域,构建人文因素对区域生态系统影响的指标体系、评估模型及评估标准,基于状态空间法,从区域资源、区域环境、人文因素三个维度对大连市2002-2012期间47个指标,评价人文因素对生态环境的影响。结果表明：近十二年来,大连市人文因素对生态环境的影响综合指数几乎都在临界值以下,即处在影响适度范围内,总体上达到了可持续发展的要求,但是与青岛市相比,大连市还应该加强生态环境保护的力度,避免在以后的发展中受到环境的制约。