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排序方式: 共有103条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
The German Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) currently runs a network of 17 air pollution monitoring stations in rural areas within the Federal Republic of Germany. Since 1982, daily bulk precipitation samples have been collected and analysed at five of these stations. As no changes in sampling and chemical analysis techniques have been introduced in this time period, an interpretation with respect to trends is possible. An increase in pH is most obvious at Deuselbach in the western part of Germany. It is related to a decrease in sulphate ions. Reduced SO2 emissions in the western part of Europe have resulted in decreasing ambient air concentrations mainly in the western part of Germany, whereas changes in concentrations close to the eastern border of West Germany were not as pronounced. Part of the decrease, however, was a consequence of three mild winters in sequence at the end of the period, with little easterly air flow. Estimated dry deposition fluxes of sulphur at 3 rural stations in West Germany were lower in 1988/1989 compared to 1980-1987 by 44-69%. Wet deposition showed between 8% increase and 25% decrease. The resulting reduction in total sulphur deposition ranged from 17-54%. Deposition via interception of fog droplets was not measured. 相似文献
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William R. Cullen Qingqing Liu Xiufen Lu Anthony McKnight-Whitfor Hanyong Peng Aleksandra Popowich Xiaowen Yan Qi Zhang Michael Fricke Hongsui Sun X. Chris Le 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2016,28(11):7-27
Hundreds of millions of people around the world are exposed to elevated concentrations of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds, increasing the risk of a wide range of health effects. Studies of the environmental fate and human health effects of arsenic require authentic arsenic compounds. We summarize here the synthesis and characterization of more than a dozen methylated and thiolated arsenic compounds that are not commercially available. We discuss the methods of synthesis for the following14 trivalent(Ⅲ) and pentavalent() arsenic compounds: monomethylarsonous acid(MMA~Ⅲ), dicysteinylmethyldithioarsenite(MMA~Ⅲ(Cys)_2), monomethylarsonic acid(MMA~Ⅴ),monomethylmonothioarsonic acid(MMMTAⅤ) or monothio-MMA~Ⅴ, monomethyldithioarsonic acid(MMDTA~Ⅴ) or dithio-MMA~Ⅴ, monomethyltrithioarsonate(MMTTA~Ⅴ) or trithio-MMA~Ⅴ,dimethylarsinous acid(DMA~Ⅲ), dimethylarsino-glutathione(DMA~Ⅲ(SG)), dimethylarsinic acid(DMA~Ⅴ), dimethylmonothioarsinic acid(DMMTA~Ⅴ) or monothio-DMAⅤ, dimethyldithioarsinic acid(DMDTA~Ⅴ) or dithio-DMA~Ⅴ, trimethylarsine oxide(TMAO~Ⅴ), arsenobetaine(AsB), and an arsenicin-A model compound. We have reviewed and compared the available methods,synthesized the arsenic compounds in our laboratories, and provided characterization information. On the basis of reaction yield, ease of synthesis and purification of product, safety considerations, and our experience, we recommend a method for the synthesis of each of these arsenic compounds. 相似文献
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Peter Harborth Roland Fuß Kai Münnich Heinz Flessa Klaus Fricke 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(10):2099-2107
Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) is an effective technique, which removes organic carbon from municipal solid waste (MSW) prior to deposition. Thereby, methane (CH4) production in the landfill is strongly mitigated. However, direct measurements of greenhouse gas emissions from full-scale MBT landfills have not been conducted so far. Thus, CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from a German MBT landfill in operation as well as their concentrations in the landfill gas (LFG) were measured. High N2O emissions of 20–200 g CO2 eq. m?2 h?1 magnitude (up to 428 mg N m?2 h?1) were observed within 20 m of the working face. CH4 emissions were highest at the landfill zone located at a distance of 30–40 m from the working face, where they reached about 10 g CO2 eq. m?2 h?1. The MBT material in this area has been deposited several weeks earlier. Maximum LFG concentration for N2O was 24.000 ppmv in material below the emission hotspot. At a depth of 50 cm from the landfill surface a strong negative correlation between N2O and CH4 concentrations was observed. From this and from the distribution pattern of extractable ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate it has been concluded that strong N2O production is associated with nitrification activity and the occurrence of nitrite and nitrate, which is initiated by oxygen input during waste deposition. Therefore, CH4 mitigation measures, which often employ aeration, could result in a net increase of GHG emissions due to increased N2O emissions, especially at MBT landfills. 相似文献
54.
A gland in the tip of the tail of the garden eel (Heterocongridae) is described. This gland produces a mixture of neutral and, to a lesser extent, acidic mucopolysaccharides. These slime substances appear to be used to glue the sand grains forming the tube walls in which the semi-sedentary eels live. The structure of the gland is described in relation to the normal mucous-containing goblet cells in the body epidermis of the garden eels. In the tail of young individuals, in two species, only goblet-like cells could be found. These differ in shape and histochemical reaction from the tail gland of the adult eels. 相似文献
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People,protected areas and ecosystem services: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of local people's perception and preferences in Côte d'Ivoire
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Ariane Amin Julie G. Zaehringer Gudrun Schwilch Inza Koné 《Natural resources forum》2015,39(2):97-109
The long‐term integrity of protected areas (PAs), and hence the maintenance of related ecosystem services (ES), are dependent on the support of local people. In the present study, local people's perceptions of ecosystem services from PAs and factors that govern local preferences for PAs are assessed. Fourteen study villages were randomly selected from three different protected forest areas and one control site along the southern coast of Côte d'Ivoire. Data was collected through a mixed‐method approach, including qualitative semi‐structured interviews and a household survey based on hypothetical choice scenarios. Local people's perceptions of ecosystem service provision was decrypted through qualitative content analysis, while the relation between people's preferences and potential factors that affect preferences were analyzed through multinomial models. This study shows that rural villagers do perceive a number of different ecosystem services as benefits from PAs in Côte d'Ivoire. The results based on quantitative data also suggest that local preferences for PAs and related ecosystem services are driven by PAs' management rules, age, and people's dependence on natural resources. 相似文献
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59.
Toxicology of arsenic in fish and aquatic systems 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bibha Kumari Vikas Kumar Amit K. Sinha Jawaid Ahsan A. K. Ghosh Hanping Wang Gudrun DeBoeck 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2017,15(1):43-64
Arsenic (As) is found in waters such as seawater, warm springs, groundwater, rivers, and lakes. In aquatic environments, As occurs as a mixture of arsenate and arsenite, with arsenate usually predominating. The unrestricted application of As pesticides, industrial activities, and mining operations has led to the global occurrence of soluble As above permissible levels of 0.010 mg/L. Continuous exposure of freshwater organisms including fish to low concentrations of As results in bioaccumulation, notably in liver and kidney. As a consequence As induces hyperglycemia, depletion of enzymatic activities, various acute and chronic toxicity, and immune system dysfunction. Here we review arsenic chemistry, the occurrence of arsenic in aquatic system, the transformation and metabolism of arsenic; arsenic bioaccumulation and bioconcentration; behavioral changes; and acute and other effects such as biochemical, immunotoxic, and cytogenotoxic effects on fish. 相似文献
60.
Manoj Menon Svetla Rousseva Nikolaos P. Nikolaidis Pauline van Gaans Panos Panagos Danielle Maia de Souza Kristin Vala Ragnarsdottir Georg J. Lair Liping Weng Jaap Bloem Pavel Kram Martin Novak Brynhildur Davidsdottir Gudrun Gisladottir David A. Robinson Brian Reynolds Tim White Lars Lundin Bin Zhang Christopher Duffy Stefano M. Bernasconi Peter de Ruiter Winfried E. H. Blum Steven A. Banwart 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(4):3191-3195
Soil is a complex natural resource that is considered non-renewable in policy frameworks, and it plays a key role in maintaining a variety of ecosystem services (ES) and life-sustaining material cycles within the Earth's Critical Zone (CZ). However, currently, the ability of soil to deliver these services is being drastically reduced in many locations, and global loss of soil ecosystem services is estimated to increase each year as a result of many different threats, such as erosion and soil carbon loss. The European Union Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection alerts policy makers of the need to protect soil and proposes measures to mitigate soil degradation. In this context, the European Commission-funded research project on Soil Transformations in European Catchments (SoilTrEC) aims to quantify the processes that deliver soil ecosystem services in the Earth's Critical Zone and to quantify the impacts of environmental change on key soil functions. This is achieved by integrating the research results into decision-support tools and applying methods of economic valuation to soil ecosystem services. In this paper, we provide an overview of the SoilTrEC project, its organization, partnerships and implementation. 相似文献