An analytical framework is developed in this paper in order to explore the diversity of eco-innovations according to several key dimensions (design, user, product service and governance). The framework is used to analyse a set of case studies of eco-innnovation processes. The diversity of the analysed eco-innovations appears to be considerable; each of them involves different kinds of combinations of elements pertaining to those dimensions. Albeit the design dimension is decisive to determine the environmental impacts of the innovation, all dimensions can play a significant role in the management of eco-innovation. Our findings suggest that the capacity of eco-innovations to provide new business opportunities and contribute to the transformation towards a sustainable society depends on the interplay of those dimensions and the engagement of key stakeholders in the innovation process. 相似文献
Early stages of marine fish larvae are characterized by fast growth while having a limited aerobic scope and an immature digestive
system. In order to understand this apparent paradox, the study of energy allocation is a major necessity. Components of the
energy budget of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae were determined during initial development (days 4–12) and the complete energy allocation budget is presented. It
was observed that food absorption efficiency increased from 32 to 51% during the studied period, and so did the energy available
for growth and metabolic purposes. The relative amount of energy for maintenance decreased from 71 to 36% of energy channelled
to metabolism. Gross growth efficiency increased from 20 to 26% of ingested energy, and net growth efficiency decreased from
66 to 52% of assimilated energy. Reduction of net growth efficiency is the reflex of a higher metabolic rate in older larvae,
due to increased costs of activity and growth. Evidence, indicating that metabolic scope of early turbot larva is unable to
accommodate simultaneously high levels of growth and activity was found. Alternative strategies to accommodate the costs of
growth and activity exist in turbot larvae, and may result in a trade-off between fast growth and viability. As larvae grow,
the various physiological processes described get more efficient, and the metabolic scope increases. 相似文献
We investigate the phylogeography of California (Zalophus californianus) and Galápagos (Z. wollebaeki) sea lions and describe within-population structure for the California sea lion based on mitochondrial DNA. Fifty control-region
haplotypes were found, 41 from Z. californianus and 9 from Z. wollebaeki, with three fixed differences between the two species. Ranked population boundaries along the range of Z. californianus were defined based on the Monmonier Maximum Difference Algorithm, resulting in five genetically distinct populations, two
in the Pacific Ocean and three inside the Gulf of California. A Minimum Spanning Network showed a strong phylogeographic signal
with two well-defined clusters, Z. californianus and Z. wollebaeki, separated by six base-pair differences, supporting the existence of two genetically distinct species with an estimated divergence
time of ~0.8 Ma. Results are discussed in the context of the historical geologic and paleoceanographic events of the last
1 Ma in the eastern Pacific. 相似文献
The Placerias/Downs’ Quarry complex in eastern Arizona, USA, is the most diverse Upper Triassic vertebrate locality known. We report a new short-faced archosauriform, Syntomiprosopus sucherorum gen. et sp. nov., represented by four incomplete mandibles, that expands that diversity with a morphology unique among Late Triassic archosauriforms. The most distinctive feature of Syntomiprosopus gen. nov. is its anteroposteriorly short, robust mandible with 3–4 anterior, a larger caniniform, and 1–3 “postcanine” alveoli. The size and shape of the alveoli and the preserved tips of replacement teeth preclude assignment to any taxon known only from teeth. Additional autapomorphies of S. sucherorum gen. et sp. nov. include a large fossa associated with the mandibular fenestra, an interdigitating suture of the surangular with the dentary, fine texture ornamenting the medial surface of the splenial, and a surangular ridge that completes a 90° arc. The external surfaces of the mandibles bear shallow, densely packed, irregular, fine pits and narrow, arcuate grooves. This combination of character states allows an archosauriform assignment; however, an associated and similarly sized braincase indicates that Syntomiprosopus n. gen. may represent previously unsampled disparity in early-diverging crocodylomorphs. The Placerias Quarry is Adamanian (Norian, maximum depositional age ~219 Ma), and this specimen appears to be an early example of shortening of the skull, which occurs later in diverse archosaur lineages, including the Late Cretaceous crocodyliform Simosuchus. This is another case where Triassic archosauriforms occupied morphospace converged upon by other archosaurs later in the Mesozoic and further demonstrates that even well-sampled localities can yield new taxa.
Proteinase (endopeptidase), trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like activities were examined throughout the ontogenetic development
of cultured Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Whole individuals from different larval and postlarval stages, and the hepatopancreas of adults were homogenized and assayed
to quantify the enzyme activities of specific substrates. Proteinase activity was identified by substrate-SDS-polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis. Specific inhibitors for trypsin (TLCK), chymotrypsin (TPCK) and serine proteinases (PMSF) were used to
identify activity zones of these enzymes in gels. Protein-specific activity of total proteinases, trypsin and chymotrypsin
was negligible at the egg stage and at Nauplius III, increasing in the first protozoeal substage (PZ I), and reaching a peak
at PZ III; it decreased again in the subsequent postlarval substages. Different patterns of proteinase activity were observed
in SDS-PAGE zymograms during ontogenetic development. Active bands of 14.6, 16.4, 17.5, 19.5, 22.5, 23.9, 25.8, 28.9, 32.0,
34.4, 37.7, and 42.2 kdaltons were detected in the adult hepatopancreas. Proteolytic activity was detected on gels in PZ I,
and intense activity zones of 16.4, 17.5 and 19.5 kdaltons were found up to Mysis I (M I). Intense bands of 39.1 and 53.5
kdaltons were observed only at PZ III and M I. Band-activity intensity decreased after metamorphosis to the postlarval stage
(PL). The chymotrypsin inhibitor TPCK had no effect on the proteinase bands. Active zones in gel inhibited with both TLCK
and PMSF were considered to represent trypsin. The inhibitory effect of PMSF alone on proteinase extracts indicated chymotrypsin
activity. TLCK and PMSF inhibition also varied during ontogenetic development. The inhibition of bands recorded between 14.6
and 21.7 kdaltons suggested the presence of low molecular weight trypsin in F. paulensis. The 39.1 kdaltons band observed at PZ III and M I were trypsin-like. On the other hand, bands of 28.9, 32 and 37.7 kdaltons
from the adult hepatopancreas seem to represent a chymotrypsin. We conclude that the recorded variation in enzyme activity
may be associated with morphological and behavioral changes during penaeid ontogenetic development. The higher enzyme activity
at PZ II, PZ III and M I may reflect the increased energy turnover associated with intense swimming behavior and food ingestion.
Received: 24 September 1998 / Accepted: 20 August 1999 相似文献
Noroviruses are the major cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans, with few reports about the occurrence of the norovirus GIV strain. We investigated the presence of norovirus GIV in surface water (river, bay, and stream) and untreated sewage, and we determined a positivity rate of 9.4 % (9/96). The strains genotyped were GIV.1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of GIV in Brazil. 相似文献
The specimens of Patella intermedia, Patella rustica, Patella ulyssiponensis and Patella vulgata were analysed for morphological and morphometric characters, and for the resistance to compression and crushing to a force applied at the apex. Shell shape in these species ranged from the high symmetrical cone, with a rounded base of P. rustica, to the flat, asymmetrical, narrow-pear-shaped base of P. ulyssiponensis. P. intermedia and P. vulgata showed intermediate morphologies. Shell thickness increased linearly with age, but differed in the four limpets. P. rustica had the thickest shells, and P. ulyssiponensis and P. vulgata had the thinnest shells. P. intermedia displayed intermediate shell thickness. Considering deformability and toughness, P. intermedia shells usually needed the highest force to compress in height, the highest pressure to collapse, and were appreciably deformed at collapse. On the opposite side, P. ulyssiponensis shells usually needed the lowest force to compress in height, the lowest pressure to collapse, and were much less deformed at collapse. P. intermedia shells were therefore the most deformable and tough, and P. ulyssiponensis, the most stiff and fragile. P. rustica and P. vulgata shells displayed intermediate behaviour. However, numerical simulations based on the finite element method using the experimentally determined shells’ geometry and thickness, but considering similar shells’ material and structure in the four species, predicted that shell toughness should be decreased in the order P. rustica >> P. intermedia > P. vulgata >> P. ulyssiponensis. P. rustica shells’ geometry (a high and centred cone) and thickness (very thick) were therefore, theoretically, the most fitted for shells to resist crushing by compression. Yet, in the experimental tests, they were not the most resistant shells. It was concluded that resistance to crushing was not a direct function of shell morphology and morphometry, but appeared to be mainly determined by shell deformability. This is most probably related to differences in the internal composition and architecture of the shell in the four species. By comparison with data reported in the literature on the pressures normally exerted by ocean waves, it was concluded that these limpets have resistances to crushing in far excess to pressures normally endured in nature, being therefore unlikely that these species are crushed by the action of even very strong waves on shores. Hard objects, like logs and boulders, can be hurled onto the shore by waves, and constitute a much greater threat to limpets than the waves themselves. The high toughness of the limpet shell can be related to resistance to the impact of incidental hard objects. There was no direct relationship between the habit preferences of these limpets and the resistance to crushing. Other factors are involved in the distribution of these species in the shores. 相似文献
The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic yield of exome sequencing (ES) above that of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) or karyotyping in fetuses with isolated fetal growth restriction (FGR). This was a systematic review conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Selected studies included those with (a) only fetuses with FGR in the absence of fetal structural anomalies and (b) negative CMA or karyotyping results. Only positive variants classified as likely pathogenic or pathogenic determined as causative of the fetal phenotype were considered. A negative CMA or karyotype result was treated as the reference standard. Eight studies with data on ES diagnostic yield, including 146 fetuses with isolated FGR, were identified. Overall, a pathogenic variant determined as potentially causative of the fetal phenotype was found in 17 cases, resulting in a 12% (95% CI: 7%–18%) incremental performance pool of ES. The vast majority were studied before 32 weeks'gestation. In conclusion, a monogenic disorder was prenatally found in association with apparently isolated FGR in 12% of these fetuses. 相似文献