海水中痕量元素测定及其在重金属污染源判别方面的应用

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)研究了胶州湾及莱州湾这两个海域中痕量元素污染水平,发展了ICP-MS海水环境中痕量元素的测定方法,同时找出海水环境中具有保守性的数种元素作为污染示踪元素.达到对于海水环境中痕量污染物被动示踪的目的.对18个真实样品进行了识别率试验,识别率可达90%以上,在选取3个海水样品及1个河水样品混合后的模拟分担率实验,也取得了满意的结果,其误差平均值仅有1.17%.     

生产安全领域科研项目成果评价指标与评价方法研究*

为了更全面、更准确地开展生产安全领域科研项目成果的评价工作,以国家对科技成果评价的相关法规与标准为指引,结合生产安全领域科研项目成果的自身特点,基于德尔菲法从“学术与技术水平”、“成果效益”和“成果影响”3个方面构建相应的多层次评价指标体系;结合生产安全领域科研项目成果特点,提出综合采用同行评议法、多维指数评价法、层次分析法、模糊综合评价法和科学计量法的评价方法选择思路,并以Yaahp作为评价方法的配套工具进行实际应用。研究结果可为生产安全领域相关科研项目成果的评价工作提供一套从指标体系到评价方法,从评价方法到评价工具的整体解决方案。     

考虑驾驶员反应时间的车辆碰撞预警模型

为了保证车辆在行驶过程中的安全性,提出了一种考虑驾驶员反应时间的车辆碰撞预警模型,改进了传统模型中驾驶员反应时间定值化的缺点。首先,依据车辆的制动过程分析了驾驶员反应时间对制动距离的影响。其次,设计驾驶员反应时间的模糊推理算法,选取驾龄、疲劳强度和应变能力3个主要因素作为评价指标来计算反应时间。最后,采用分等级的预警策略建立考虑驾驶员反应时间的碰撞预警模型,并通过Carsim-Matlab/Simulink联合仿真与传统模型进行对比分析。结果表明,设计的预警模型可以对不同类型的驾驶员进行差异化碰撞预警,在30 km/h和80 km/h两种车速下实际停车距离与理论值的最大误差为8%。     

Error Assessment for Height Above the Nearest Drainage Inundation Mapping

Real‐time flood inundation mapping is vital for emergency response to help protect life and property. Inundation mapping transforms rainfall forecasts into meaningful spatial information that can be utilized before, during, and after disasters. While inundation mapping has traditionally been conducted on a local scale, automated algorithms using topography data can be utilized to efficiently produce flood maps across the continental scale. The Height Above the Nearest Drainage method can be used in conjunction with synthetic rating curves (SRCs) to produce inundation maps, but the performance of these inundation maps needs to be assessed. Here we assess the accuracy of the SRCs and calculate statistics for comparing the SRCs to rating curves obtained from hydrodynamic models calibrated against observed stage heights. We find SRCs are accurate enough for large‐scale approximate inundation mapping while not as accurate when assessing individual reaches or cross sections. We investigate the effect of terrain and channel characteristics and observe reach length and slope predict divergence between the two types of rating curves, and SRCs perform poorly for short reaches with extreme slope values. We propose an approach to recalculate the slope in Manning’s equation as the weighted average over a minimum distance and assess accuracy for a range of moving window lengths.     

Reversibility of the structure and dewaterability of anaerobic digested sludge

The reversibility of the structure and dewaterability of broken anaerobic digested sludge(ADS)is important to ensure the efficiency of sludge treatment or management processes.This study investigated the effect of continuous strong shear(CSS)and multipulse shear(MPS)on the zeta potential,size(median size,d_(50)),mass fractal dimension(D_F),and capillary suction time(CST)of ADS aggregates.Moreover,the self-regrowth(SR)of broken ADS aggregates during slow mixing was also analyzed.The results show that raw ADS with d_(50) of 56.5μm was insensitive to CSS–SR or MPS–SR,though the size slightly decreased after the breakage phase.For conditioned ADS with d_(50) larger than 600μm,the breakage in small-scale surface erosion changed to large-scale fragmentation as the CSS strength increased.In most cases,after CSS or MPS,the broken ADS had a relatively more compact structure than before and d_(50) is at least 200μm.The CST of the broken fragments from optimally dosed ADS increased,whereas that corresponding to overdosed ADS decreased.MPS treatment resulted in larger and more compact broken ADS fragments with a lower CST value than CSS.During the subsequent slow mixing,the broken ADS aggregates did not recover their charge,size,and dewaterability to the initial values before breakage.In addition,less than 15%self-regrowth in terms of percentage of the regrowth factor was observed in broken ADS after CSS at average velocity gradient no less than 1905.6 sec~(-1).     

黄河下游垦利站溶解N2O浓度和通量的季节变化及其调控因子分析

于2012年3月至2014年3月每月在黄河下游垦利站采集表层河水,测定其溶解氧化亚氮(N_2O)浓度并估算了其水-气交换通量,并于2012年10月至2013年12月每月对表层河水和沉积物进行了受控培养实验以认识其产生过程.结果表明:黄河下游表层河水中溶解N_2O浓度范围为11.63~27.23 nmol·L~(-1),平均值为(16.29±4.23)nmol·L~(-1).N_2O浓度呈现出较为明显的季节变化,具体表现为冬季和春季高于夏季和秋季,但全年变化幅度不大.溶解N_2O浓度主要受到温度、黄河径流量和溶解无机氮等因素的影响.N_2O饱和度范围为101.1%~343.0%,平均值为190.8%±72.3%,黄河下游N_2O全年处于过饱和状态,是大气N_2O的净源.利用LM86、W92和RC01公式估算出其平均水-气交换通量分别为(10.2±12.3)、(17.3±18.8)、(25.8±26.6)μmol·m-2·d~(-1).初步估算了2012—2013年黄河向河口及其邻近海域输入N_2O的量约为5.8×105mol·a~(-1).培养实验表明:水体和沉积物整体表现为净产生N_2O,其中潜在反硝化速率均明显高于硝化速率,反硝化作用在黄河N_2O的产生过程中有重要作用.水体中的潜在反硝化速率(以N计)的变化范围为(0.18~332.20)nmol·L~(-1)·h~(-1),平均值为(52.74±95.63)nmol·L~(-1)·h~(-1),沉积物中潜在反硝化速率的变化范围为0.37~187.60 nmol·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),平均值为(29.61±56.91)nmol·kg~(-1)·h~(-1).     

Advanced treatment of wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation

A three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation(3D-EC) reactor with introduction of activated carbon(AC) as particle micro-electrodes was applied for the advanced treatment of secondary wastewater effluent of a wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing plant. Under the optimized conditions(current density of 500 A/m~2, circulation rate of 5 mL/min, AC dosage of 50 g, and chloride concentration of 1.0 g/L), the average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand(COD_(cr)), NH3–N, total organic carbon(TOC), and ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm(UV_(254)) of the 3D-EC reactor were 64.5%, 60.8%, 46.4%, and 64.8%, respectively; while the corresponding effluent concentrations of COD_(cr), NH_3–N, TOC, and UV_(254) were 76.6, 20.1, and42.5 mg/L, and 0.08 Abs/cm, respectively. The effluent concentration of COD_(cr) was less than 100 mg/L, which showed that the treated wastewater satisfied the demand of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978-1996). The 3D-EC process remarkably improved the treatment efficiencies with synergistic effects for COD_(cr), NH_3–N, TOC, and UV_(254) during the stable stage of 44.5%, 38.8%, 27.2%, and 10.9%, respectively, as compared with the sum of the efficiencies of a two-dimensional electrochemical oxidation(2D-EC) reactor and an AC adsorption process, which was ascribed to the numerous micro-electrodes of AC in the 3D-EC reactor. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC–MS) analysis revealed that electrochemical treatment did not generate more toxic organics, and it was proved that the increase in acute biotoxicity was caused primarily by the production of free chlorine.     

中国碳排放强度影响因素对区域差异的作用分析

根据IPCC方法计算得到1995—2012年中国各省市碳排放数据,表明从1995年开始,我国各省市的碳排放强度整体上呈现南低北高,东低西高的分布格局,并有逐渐下降的趋势.区域间碳排放强度的基尼系数、Theil系数、对数离差均值的计算结果表明碳排放强度在各省市自治区间存在明显差异,并且差异随着时间逐渐增大.为了进一步分析碳排放强度差异的影响因素,我们建立了碳排放强度的回归方程,并采用夏普里值分解法进行影响因素的分解分析.整体上可以看出经济发展水平对碳排放强度差异的贡献值最大,而且随着时间推移其对碳排放强度差异的作用逐渐加强.其次是产业结构和能源结构,贡献值分别为18.91%和26.76%,对碳排放强度差异的贡献值随着时间逐渐减少,作用也逐渐弱化.最后是城市化水平(贡献值为~(-1).65%),仅在一定程度上能够降低碳排放强度的差异.进一步采用第三产业占比表示产业结构,石油占比表示能源结构进行分析,发现它们与碳排放强度变为反向关系.即一个地区的第三产业比重高,在能源结构中油的比重大,煤炭比重小,碳排放强度相比于其他地区则低.由此可见,石油比重的区域差异是影响碳强度差异的一个主要原因.因此,提升碳排放强度高的地区的石油以及低碳能源可以缩减区域间的碳排放差异.本文的研究对合理、公平的碳减排政策的制定,鼓励各省市自治区积极参加碳减排活动有着积极的意义.     

聚丙烯料仓静电爆炸事故原因分析及设备改造效果

聚丙烯生产中,物料利用空气送至料仓,为了产品均化,在料仓内还需进行掺混,在这一过程中会造成静电积聚,进而形成静电放电引起爆炸事故。分析了聚丙烯装置料仓静电爆炸事故原因,介绍了采取消静电设备后的应用数据和效果。     

中国的低碳住宅建设与评估

中国目前面临着严峻的节能减碳目标,在中国的总能耗中建筑能耗占了三分之一以上。然而低碳住宅在中国刚刚起步,评估体系尚不完善,建设技术方法也未成熟,低碳住宅的普及率很低。本文通过对国内现有的绿色住宅评价体系的分析,结合中国自身的国情,初步提出一套大众能够接受的低碳住宅的建设方案,为今后低碳住宅的建设评估和推广提供参考。