基于人工神经网络的街道峡谷NO_x浓度的数值模型研究

通过对反向传播人工神经网络的算法和网络结构的研究,发现拟牛顿算法训练速度较快,能够较好地接近误差目标值,同时建立了包括输入层、隐含层、输出层的人工神经网络三层拓扑结构。通过对街道峡谷人工神经网络的训练,模拟计算了街道峡谷NOx浓度分布值。结果显示,训练误差和测试误差比为1.11,训练样本的模拟值与实测值的相关系数为0.93,测试样本的模拟值与实测值的相关系数为0.87,模拟值与实测值的相关系数均高于显著水平为α=0.05与α=0.01所对应检验性表的相关系数临界值。该模型能够用于街道峡谷污染物浓度的模拟计算,具有较好的泛化能力。     

二级Fenton氧化高浓度有机硅废水研究

采用二级Fenton氧化技术对可生化性差的高浓度有机硅废水进行处理,考察了不同因素对COD去除率的影响,对比了一级氧化和二级氧化的效果。结果表明对于COD为9 600 mg/L的高浓度有机硅废水,pH为3,[H2O2]/[Fe2+]=2∶1为最佳的反应条件,COD去除率随着H2O2的投加量的增大先增大而后减小,每200 mL水样中先投加20%的硫酸亚铁12 mL,然后分2次投加30%的H2O2各4 mL,氧化完成后调整pH值为7~8静止沉淀,COD去除率达89.2%。对于某绝缘电器厂的生产废水经二级Fenton氧化处理后,出水有机物浓度显著降低,可生化性提高,Fenton二级氧化可以作为高浓度有机硅废水的预处理工艺。     

石油污染土壤中高效石油烃降解菌Y-16的筛选及其降解性能

通过富集和驯化培养从石油污染的土样中筛选出一株高效石油烃降解菌Y-16,其对胜利原油7 d降解率达到51.98%。在好氧条件下,对Y-16菌株的最优降解条件进行了探索,结果表明,在pH值8.0,温度30℃,接种量10%,摇床转数160 r/m in和3 000~7 000 mg/L的底物浓度下,Y-16菌株的最高降解率可达到60.34%。通过Y-16菌株对石油烃降解规律的探索,发现Y-16菌株对石油烃的降解符合一级反应动力学模型。     

脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤种植枸杞的效果研究

利用燃煤电厂脱硫石膏改良盐碱地对于废弃物资源化利用和发展循环经济具有重要意义。选择具有典型代表性的宁夏西大滩碱化土壤,采用两因素随机区组田间实验设计,进行脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤种植枸杞的效果实验研究。研究表明脱硫石膏施用量和施用深度不同,对于降低土壤碱化度、总碱度和pH值,改良土壤碱性的效果不同;脱硫石膏施用量不同,对于促进枸杞枝条和径杆的生长不同。施用量24 000 kg/hm2较48 000 kg/hm2提高枸杞枝条生长量10.5%～18.7%、径杆生长量10.5%～18.7%;脱硫石膏施用量24 000 kg/hm2,施用深度60 cm更有利于提高枸杞红果体积、红果鲜重和产量。脱硫石膏施用量24 000 kg/hm2,施用深度60 cm较未施脱硫石膏提高枸杞红果体积、红果鲜重和产量分别为28.3%、15.0%和37.9%。     

Pyrolysis characteristics of organic components of municipal solid waste at high heating rates

The pyrolysis characteristics of six representative organic components of municipal solid waste (MSW) and their mixtures were studied in a specially designed thermogravimetric analysis apparatus with a maximum recorded heating rate of 864.8 degrees Cmin(-1). The pyrolysis behavior of individual components was described by the Avrami-Erofeev equation. The influence of final temperature on individual components was studied, and it was concluded that final temperature was a factor in reaction speed and intensity, but that it played only a limited role in determining the reaction mechanism. The interactions between different components were evaluated, and it was concluded that the interaction between homogeneous materials was minimal, whereas the interaction between polyethylene and biomass was significant.     

Managing Manure from China’s Pigs and Poultry: The Influence of Ecological Rationality

We have investigated manure management practices at three farm scales in Chinese pig and poultry production. The concept of ecological rationality was employed to explore empirically how environmental concerns drive adoption of environmental-friendly manure management technologies at different farm scales. The more developed Rudong County in Jiangsu Province and the less developed Zhongjiang County in Sichuan Province were chosen as cases for study of 258 animal breeders. On the contrary to our hypothesis, medium-scale farmers were not always found to be laggards in adoption of manure management technologies. Government ecological rationality played a key role to induce environmental-friendly technology adoption on its own, but also in cooperation with ecologically rational individual or network drivers. Authorities no longer applied their efforts in a conventional command-and-control way, but more in the form of incentives, stimulation, and information to farmers. Individual farmers in general showed low environmental responsibility in relation to manure handling.     

高铁酸钾预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用自制高纯度高铁酸钾预处理危废填埋场和垃圾焚烧厂的垃圾渗滤液,探讨和分析了处理效果。正交实验表明,高铁酸钾预处理危废填埋场渗滤液COD的最佳条件为:高铁酸钾与COD的初始质量浓度比为0.5、渗滤液初始pH值4.00、反应温度30℃、反应时间40 min,此时COD去除率达71.51%。此最佳条件下高铁酸钾对不同类型垃圾渗滤液的色度、SS、COD、BOD5、氨氮、总磷、重金属离子等污染因子都具有良好的去除效果,危废填埋场渗滤液经高铁酸钾预处理后可以直接进入后续生化处理系统;垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液预处理后其COD为2 861.0 mg/L,经二次预处理也可进入生化处理系统。实验结果表明,高铁酸钾对不同类型垃圾渗滤液都具有良好的预处理效果。     

光磁耦合废水处理工艺条件的优化研究

以Fe3O4/TiO2作为磁性光催化剂,采用光磁耦合技术处理模拟印染废水。利用统计学方法对光磁耦合废水处理的影响因素进行了探讨和分析,考察了磁场强度、磁性光催化剂投加量、pH值和光照时间对光磁耦合废水处理的影响。通过Design-Expert 7.0.0软件分析得到最佳工艺条件:磁场强度73.95 mT,磁性光催化剂投加量1.13 g/L,模拟废水pH值13,光照时间120 min。在最佳工艺条件下进行实验,脱色率为88.60%。     

中试螺旋式自循环厌氧反应器处理安乃近制药废水的稳定性能

以制药废水实验了50m3螺旋式厌氧反应器（SPAC反应器）的稳定性。采用AugmentedDickey—Fuller（ADF）单位根检验表明,螺旋式反应器具有良好的启动和运行稳定性。负荷冲击实验显示,SPAC反应器具有较好的耐浓度冲击能力和耐水力冲击能力,所能耐受的最大浓度冲击强度大于60000（mg·h）／L（进水浓度提升2倍）,所能耐受的最大水力冲击强度为300（m3·h）／d（进水流量提升50％）。SPAC反应器还具备受扰恢复能力。在反应液pH低于5．74,出水浓度、COD去除率和容积COD去除速率（VRR）分别为3500mg／L、22．30％和2．52kg／（m3·d）的工况下,经过30d恢复,出水浓度、COD去除率和VRR的恢复程度达到80％～90％。     

不同生物营养物处理工艺剩余污泥中温水解特性

为了解不同生物营养物处理（BNR）工艺剩余污泥性质差异及其中温水解特性,采用序批式实验研究了来源于Orbal氧化沟（OD）和倒置A2／O工艺剩余污泥在中温水解过程中污泥浓度、营养物释放、污泥粒径、污泥絮凝性、污泥比阻及污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的历时变化。结果表明,相同泥龄（约18d）条件下,OrbalOD剩余污泥氮含量较高,倒置A2／O剩余污泥磷含量较高,两者VSS／SS均低于0．6,导致中温水解过程污泥减量空间有限、氮磷释放速率不同。此外,尽管倒置A2／O工艺剩余污泥絮体尺寸及絮凝能力明显大于OrbalOD工艺剩余污泥的对应值,但两污泥比阻相近。中温水解过程中,两污泥絮体的尺寸均变小、絮凝能力均降低、比阻均增高;两者的胞外聚合物均呈现增高再降低趋势,且蛋白质均占EPS质量的75％以上,为主要的胞外物质。