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991.
Lei Zheng Jeroen Gerritsen John Beckman Jon Ludwig Sam Wilkes 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(6):1521-1536
Abstract: The eastern panhandle region of West Virginia is entirely within the Appalachian Ridge and Valley ecoregion. It is underlain by limestone in the eastern part and by shale and sandstone in the western part. Agricultural and urban development has affected the condition of the streams of this region. We examined samples from 165 stations in the Ridge and Valley, collected from 1998 to 2004. Land use, geological characteristics, physical and chemical parameters, and algal and macroinvertebrate assemblages were used to identify potential stressors that affect streams in the region. Our analyses indicated that both human land uses and ecoregional differences led to elevated nutrient concentrations in streams of the study areas. Multiple regression analyses indicated that both agricultural and urban land use in the watershed were associated with high nutrient concentrations (NO2+3, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus) in streams. These elevated nutrient concentrations have led to increased algal biomass, increased trophic state, and degradation of macroinvertebrate community in the streams. Values of the West Virginia Stream Condition Index, as well as several other benthic macroinvertebrate metrics, decreased with increased nutrient concentrations and conductivity, especially in the limestone region. When regional differences were partitioned out in the analysis, nutrient concentrations became the strongest stressor in the limestone region while conductivity exhibited less of an effect on macroinvertebrate metrics. Meanwhile, periphyton diagnostic metrics also responded to increased nutrient concentrations, suggesting nutrients could be a cause of biological degradation in the Eastern Ridge and Valley region. Multiple approaches and multiple lines of evidence (reference approach and stressor‐response approach) were applied to develop nutrient benchmarks for different geological regions in the study watershed. 相似文献
992.
993.
Leakage of saline-alkaline tank waste solutions often creates a serious environmental contamination problem. To better understand the mechanisms controlling the fate of such waste solutions in the Hanford vadose zone, we simulated reactive transport in columns designed to represent local site conditions. The Pitzer ion interaction module was used, with principal geochemical processes considered in the simulation including quartz dissolution, precipitation of brucite, calcite, and portlandite, multi-component cation exchange, and aqueous complexation reactions. Good matches were observed between the simulated and measured column data at ambient temperature ( approximately 21 degrees C). Relatively good agreement was also obtained at high temperature ( approximately 70 degrees C). The decrease of pH at the plume front is examined through formation of secondary mineral phases and/or quartz dissolution. Substantial formation of secondary mineral phases resulting from multi-component cation exchange suggests that these phases are responsible for a decrease in pH within the plume front. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted with respect to cation exchange capacity, selectivity coefficient, mineral assemblage, temperature, and ionic strength. This study could serve as a useful guide to subsequent experimental work, to thermodynamic models developed for the concentrated solutions at high ionic strength and to other types of waste plume studies. 相似文献
994.
微分脉冲阴极溶出伏安法测定环境水样中的痕量硒 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
采用微分脉冲阴极溶出法测定环境水样中的痕量硒,以银电极为工作电极,在酸性介质0.06mol.l^-1HCl-0.07mol.l^-1HNO3溶液中于-0.35V(vs SCE)处富集20min,使Se(IV)电沉积为硒化银,然后,以40mV.s^-1的扫速,在碱性介质2.0mol.l^-1NaOH溶液中阴极溶出至-1.2V(vsSCE),硒化银被还原为银的溶出峰电位约为-0.85V(vs SCE),硒的分析校正曲直到40ng.ml^-1仍然成线性,检测下限为11.5pg.ml^-1,相关系为0.9982,灵敏度为10.93uA/ng.ml^-1,20ng.ml^-1的RSD(n=5)为1.26%,检出限(3σ为3.46pg.ml^-1,环境水样中常见离子的存在不干扰痕量硒的测定。 相似文献
995.
乙草胺和丁草胺的水解及其动力学 总被引:20,自引:1,他引:19
本文研究了乙草胺和丁草肢在恒温25℃,pH值为4,7,10蒸馏水和河水中的水解动力学.酰胺类除草剂的水解反应属于一级反应.结果显示乙草胺和丁草胺在蒸馏水和河水中的水解速度差不多,在pH 4水溶液中的水解速度较在pH7和10的速度快,H+有催化水解的作用.乙草胺在pH4,7,10的速率常数分别为5×l0-4d-1,3×10-4d-1,3×10-4d-1.半衰期分别为1386d,23l0d,2310d.丁草胺在pH4,7,10的速率常数分别为 l.1× 10-3d-1,6 × 10-4d-1,6 × 10-4d-1.半衰期分别为 630d,1155d,1155d. 相似文献
996.
电化学方法生成羟基自由基及其在酸性铬蓝降解脱色中的应用1) 总被引:26,自引:3,他引:23
在电解槽中,以Na2SO4为支持电解质,多孔石墨电极为阴极,金属铁为阳极,在10mA·cm-2的阴极电流密度下,电解生成的过氧化氢与阳极溶解的Fe2+进行反应,生成羟基自由基(Fenton试剂),进而对有机染料进行氧化反应,使其不饱和双键断裂,从而达到有机染料降解、脱色的目的,在生成Fentonn试剂的反应中,Fe2+被氧化为 Fe3+,生成的 Fe3+在阴极得电子后重新被还原为Fe2+,因此,在电解槽中 Fe2+起着催化剂的作用.COD的去除率大于80%,脱色率达100%.脱色速率的测定表明其为一级反应,反应速度常数k等于l.98 × 10-4s-1. 相似文献
997.
998.
Evolution of heavy metal speciation during the aerobic composting process of sewage sludge 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
The contents of heavy metals and their bioavailability to the soil-plant system were the major limitation to the application of sewage sludge compost in soil. This study was conducted to determine the evolution of heavy metal speciation in the course of an aerobic composting, and investigate the influence of changes of composting process parameters including pH, temperature and organic matter (OM) content on distribution of heavy metal speciation in composted sludge. The sequential extraction procedure developed by Tessier et al. was used in sludge compost to determine the heavy metal speciation. Results showed that, during composting, (1) the contents of the residue fraction for Pb, Zn and Cd were decreased but those for Ni and Cr were increased; the Cu residue fraction was almost constant; (2) the contents of the total mobile fractions (including fractions 1-4) for Zn and Pb were significantly increased, but the increase of those for Cu and Ni were not so remarkable; (3) there were significant degrees of correlation between heavy metal fractions and changes of some selected parameters (for example, pH, composting temperature, and OM content). Only the content of the total mobile fractions for Cu could be predictable from its total content. For the prediction of the total mobile fractions of Zn, Ni, Cd and Cr, the R(2) value was significantly increased by the inclusion of other variables such as pH, temperature and OM content. 相似文献
999.
1000.
The adsorption/desorption behavior of copper and cadmium on soils was investigated in this study. The adsorption isotherm of copper and cadmium conformed to Langmuir equation better than Freundlich equation. The effect of ionic strength, pH, and organic acid, including ethylenediamine tetraacetic disodium acid salt (EDTA), citric acid, oxalic acid and tartaric acid, on the desorption of copper and cadmium was studied. The desorption of copper and cadmium increased with the increase of ionic strength, while the desorption decreased with the rise of pH. The desorption of copper and cadmium enhanced by organic acids was influenced by pH. EDTA showed excellent enhancement on the desorption of both copper and cadmium; citric acid demonstrated great enhancement on the desorption of copper but negligible enhancement on the desorption of cadmium; oxalic acid enhanced the desorption of copper only at pH around 6.4 and enhanced the desorption of cadmium in the pH range from 6.4 to 10.7; tartaric acid slightly enhanced the desorption of copper but negligibly enhanced the desorption of cadmium. The desorption mechanism in the presence of organic acids were explained as the competition of complexation, adsorption and precipitation. The net effect determined the desorption efficiency. This study provided guidance for the selection of organic acids to enhance the electrokinetic (EK) remediation of copper and cadmium from contaminated soils. 相似文献