电子废弃物中的废塑料热解特性研究

选取电脑电路板上三种典型电子元器件(并行通信口、插槽、电路板)中的废塑料,研究不同的升温速率和成分对样品热解的特性影响及其动力学分析。在氮气气氛下进行热解实验,温度从室温升到1000℃,升温速率分别设为10,20℃/min。研究结果表明,并行通信口、插槽和电路板中塑料的失重有相似的变化趋势,且随着升温速率的变化,达到最高热解速率时所对应的温度也发生变化,其中电路板中塑料的失重率最小,并行通信口中塑料的失重率最大。热解速率随着升温速率的提高而增大,在不同的升温速率下,同一样品的热解剩余物质量分数基本一致。电路板中塑料的含碳量高于并行通信口和插槽中的塑料含碳量,并通过动力学研究得出电路板中塑料的活化能最小。     

Comparison of UV/PDS and UV/H2O2 processes for the degradation of atenolol in water

UV/H2O2 and UV/peroxodisulfate (PDS) processes were adopted to degrade a typical β-blocker atenolol (ATL). The degradation efficiencies under various operational parameters (oxidant dosage, pH, HCO3-, humic acid (HA), NO3- , and Cl-) were compared. Principal factor analysis was also performed with a statistical method for the two processes. It was found that increasing the specific dosage of the two peroxides ([peroxide]0/[ATL]0 ) ranging from 1:1 to 8:1 led to a faster degradation rate but also higher peroxide residual. Within the pH range 3-11, the optimum pH was 7 for the UV/PDS process and elevating pH benefitted the UV/H 2O2 process. The presence of HCO3- , HA, and Cl adversely affected ATL oxidation in both processes. The NO3- concentration 1-3 mmol/L accelerated the destruction of ATL by the UV/PDS process, but further increase of NO3- concentration retarded the degradation process, contrary to the case in the UV/H2O2 process. The rank orders of effects caused by the six operational parameters were pH ≈ specific dosage > [HA]0 > [NO3-]0 > [HCO3-]0 > [Cl-]0 for the UV/H2O2 process and specific dosage > pH > [HA]0 > [NO3-]0 > [HCO3-]0 >[Cl-]0 for the UV/PDS process. The UV/PDS process was more sensitive to changes in operational parameters than the UV/H2O2 process but more efficient in ATL removal under the same conditions.     

Response of anaerobes to methyl fluoride, 2-bromoethanesulfonate and hydrogen during acetate degradation

To use the selective inhibition method for quantitative analysis of acetate metabolism in methanogenic systems,the responses of microbial communities and metabolic activities,which were involved in anaerobic degradation of acetate,to the addition of methyl fluoride(CH3F),2-bromoethanesulfonate(BES)and hydrogen were investigated in a thermophilic batch experiment.Both the methanogenic inhibitors,i.e.,CH3F and BES,showed their effectiveness on inhibiting CH4 production,whereas acetate metabolism other than acetoclastic methanogenesis was stimulated by BES,as reflected by the fluctuated acetate concentration.Syntrophic acetate oxidation was thermodynamically blocked by hydrogen(H2),while H2-utilizing reactions as hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis and homoacetogenesis were correspondingly promoted.Results of PCR-DGGE fingerprinting showed that,CH3F did not influence the microbial populations significantly.However,the BES and hydrogen notably altered the bacterial community structures and increased the diversity.BES gradually changed the methanogenic community structure by affecting the existence of different populations to different levels,whilst H2 greatly changed the abundance of different methanogenic populations,and induced growth of new species.     

土壤氟化物(全量)的分析与测定

离子选择电极法测定氟化物作为一种成熟的测定方法被广泛应用环境监测等领域.本实验采用离子选择电极法测定土壤中氟含量.但样品前处理过程较复杂,极易造成测定结果的偏离.通过反复实验和比较我们对实验条件进行了优化,同时通过对该方法的准确度和精密度的测试,得到了较好的结果,适合且能满足土壤调查等样品量较大的测定工作要求.     

Efficient nitrogen doped porous carbonaceous CO2 adsorbents based on lotus leaf

In this work, the waste biomass lotus leaf was converted into N-doped porous carbonaceous CO₂ adsorbents. The synthesis process includes carbonization of lotus leaf, melamine post-treatment and KOH activation. For the resultant sorbents, high nitrogen content can be contained due to the melamine modification and advanced porous structure were formed by KOH etching. These samples were carefully characterized by different techniques and their CO₂ adsorption properties were investigated in detail. These sorbents hold good CO₂ adsorption abilities, up to 3.87 and 5.89 mmol/g at 25 and 0°C under 1 bar, respectively. By thorough investigation, the combined interplay of N content and narrow microporous volume was found to be responsible for the CO₂ uptake for this series of sorbents. Together with the high CO₂ adsorption abilities, these carbons also display excellent reversibility, high CO₂/N₂ selectivity, applicable heat of adsorption, fast CO₂ adsorption kinetics and good dynamic CO₂ adsorption capacity. This study reveals a universal method of obtaining N-doped porous carbonaceous sorbents from leaves. The low cost of raw materials accompanied by easy synthesis procedure disclose the enormous potential of leaves-based carbons in CO₂ capture as well as many other applications.     

Urinary analysis reveals high Alternaria mycotoxins exposure in the general population from Beijing, China

Alternaria mycotoxins are of concern due to its adverse health effect, they affect various cereal crops and grain-based food along with modified forms that contribute to overall exposure. This study aimed to determine the frequency and level of exposure to Alternaria mycotoxins (tenuazonic acid, TeA; alternariol, AOH; alternariol monomethyl ether, AME; tentoxin, TEN; and altenuene, ALT) in human urine from Beijing adults. A total of 2212 urine samples were collected and analyzed for five mycotoxins using LC–ESI–MS/MS. More than 98% of the samples had at least one Alternaria mycotoxin detected. Among the mycotoxins, AME had the highest detection rate (96.0%), followed by TeA (70.5%). The calculated average daily intake values of AME (12.5 ng/kg b.w.) was 5 times the TTC value (2.5 ng/kg b.w.) set by the EFSA, indicating the potential health risks associated with mycotoxins. Immediate attention and subsequent actions should be taken to identify the sources of mycotoxins and the corresponding exposure pathways to humans in the investigated regions.     

Migration and transformation of Sb are affected by Mn(III/IV) associated with lepidocrocite originating from Fe(II) oxidation

Antimony (Sb) is a recognized priority pollutant with toxicity that is influenced by its migration and transformation processes. Oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) oxides, which is a common phenomenon in the environment, is often accompanied by the formation of Mn(III/IV) and might affect the fate of Sb. In this study, incorporated Mn(III) and sorbed/precipitated Mn(III/IV) associated with lepidocrocite were prepared by adding Mn(II) during and after Fe(II) oxidation, respectively, and the effects of these Mn species on Sb fate were investigated. Our results indicated that the association of these Mn species with lepidocrocite obviously enhanced Sb(III) oxidation to Sb(V), while concomitantly inhibiting Sb sorption due to the lower sorption capacity of lepidocrocite for Sb(V) than Sb(III). Additionally, Mn oxide equivalents increased in the presence of Sb, indicating that Sb oxidation by Mn(III/IV) associated with lepidocrocite was a continuous recycling process in which Mn(II) released from Mn(III/IV) reduction by Sb(III) could be oxidized to Mn(III/IV) again. This recycling process was favorable for effective Sb(III) oxidation. Moreover, Sb(V) generated from Sb(III) oxidation by Mn(III/IV) enhanced Mn(II) sorption at the beginning of the process, and thus favored Mn(III/IV) formation, which could further promote Sb(III) oxidation to Sb(V). Overall, this study elucidated the effects of Mn(III/IV) associated with lepidocrocite arisen from Fe(II) oxidation on Sb migration and transformation and revealed the underlying reaction mechanisms, contributing to a better understanding of the geochemical dynamics of Sb.     

香溪河大型底栖动物24 h漂流规律研究

漂流行为是大型底栖动物适应河流水文过程的重要生物行为,也是研究河流底栖动物时空分布过程的重要依据,研究底栖动物的漂流规律对了解河流生态系统纵向格局的形成过程和演变机制具有重要意义.2017年8月选择湖北省香溪河的2条支流（九冲河与高岚河）研究大型底栖动物的漂流种类、昼夜节律和功能摄食类群构成.结果表明:①九冲河与高岚河漂流底栖动物均以蜉蝣目（Ephemeroptera）占绝对优势,相对丰度分别为76.9%、96.1%.九冲河的漂流物种数（35种）远高于高岚河（14种）.②优势物种分析表明,九冲河的优势物种为高翔蜉（Epeorus sp.）、弯握蜉（Drunella sp.）、四节蜉（Baetis sp.）、花翅蜉（Baetiella sp.）、扁蚴蜉（Ecdyonurus sp.）、沼石蛾（Limnophilidae sp.）、等翅石蛾（Philopotamidae sp.）和蚋（Simulium sp.）,高岚河的优势物种为花翅蜉和高翔蜉.③2条河流大型底栖动物的漂流均为显著的夜漂流类型,且漂流高峰期均出现在06:00.九冲河的夜漂者以襀翅目（Plecoptera）为主,高岚河以蜉蝣目为主.不同物种漂流的昼夜节律不同,高翔蜉、弯握蜉、扁蚴蜉、沼石蛾、等翅石蛾和蚋的第1个漂流密度高峰期均出现在20:00-22:00;四节蜉的第1个漂流密度高峰期出现在04:00-06:00;而花翅蜉的第1个漂流密度高峰期在九冲河出现的时间为04:00-06:00,在高岚河为02:00-04:00.④昼夜间漂流底栖动物的功能摄食类群和生活类型群落组成也有一定差异,但总体来看,漂流者的功能摄食类群均以收集者为主,以游泳生活者占主要优势.研究显示,九冲河与高岚河底栖动物的漂流节律表现出明显的差异性,其人为活动强度的差异是造成漂流规律差异的主要原因.      

HAZOP分析在安全管理应用中的问题分析及对策探讨

介绍了HAZOP分析在高含硫气田开发生产中的应用情况,探讨了HAZOP分析方法在应用过程中存在的问题,提出了对策措施和建议。     

输水水质保障下南四湖流域产业结构优化调整研究

通过对南四湖流域产业结构现状、水污染现状以及两者动态演化趋势的解析,结合对流域经济与环保政策导向的梳理,综合权衡三次产业发展对流域经济支撑度、水污染影响潜在威胁与现实效应,汇总形成了南四湖流域三次产业结构优化调整分析矩阵。在此基础上,探讨了不同产业结构优化调整的方案模式,提出南四湖流域三次产业中不同行业的结构优化方案。