羧甲基纤维素抑尘剂的制备及其应用研究

以羧甲基纤维素、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为原料,用溶液聚合法制备出一种环保软膜抑尘剂.探讨了添加甘油、辛癸基葡糖苷对抑尘剂吸水性能、润湿性能的变化以及m(甘油):m(辛癸基葡糖苷)以不同配比加入抑尘剂后对粉尘含水率的影响.经傅里叶红外光谱、X-射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜对制备的产物进行结构表征和形貌的分析.对抑尘剂的性能:耐风蚀性、温度适应性进行了测试.结果表明:当m(甘油):m(辛癸基葡糖苷)为2:3,室温时粉尘含水率达15.8%、50℃粉尘含水率仍可达11.7%;经3 h(15 m/s)风速吹扫,粉尘损失率仅为2.3%.     

La0.5Ca0.5Ni0.5Fe0.5O3催化剂的制备及其对生物质热解特性的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了La0.5Ca0.5Ni0.5Fe0.5O3纳米粉体,并通过XRD、SEM、TG-DTA等手段对所合成的样品进行了分析和表征.结果表明,采用碳酸铵作为共沉淀剂、聚乙二醇为分散剂,在600℃下煅烧6h可作为实验制备该催化剂粉体的最优条件.用实验室自制热解催化炉验证其对生物质热解的效果,实验结果表明,采用La0.5Ca0.5Ni0.5Fe0.5O3催化剂,生物质热解过程中焦油产量降低了12.4%,气体产率提高了14.0%,气体产物中一氧化碳、甲烷含量分别从33.8%和15.1%提高到了38.5%和18.4%,燃气的品质大大提升.     

河南省畜禽养殖污染调查及时空特征分析研究

根据2003年-2012年河南省统计年鉴相关数据和各种估算参数,对河南省2003年-2012年18个地级市五个畜种——生猪、肉牛、奶牛、蛋鸡、肉鸡的污染物排放总量及其污染物排放负荷进行调查分析,以期为河南省畜禽养殖污染的综合治理工作提供科学依据。研究结果表明:河南省2003年-2012年间污染物排放整体呈现平稳状态,2007年波动较大;五个主要畜种中,肉牛的污染物排放平均负荷最大为48.15%,其次为生猪39.70%,肉鸡8.67%,奶牛2.65%,蛋鸡0.83%;不同地区中以南阳市污染物排放量最大,其次是驻马店市,周口市,商丘市,信阳市,五市的COD、总氮、总磷排放量分别占到了全省相应污染物排放总量的54.49%,52.36%和48.51%。     

钢铁企业排放的烟气及厂区土壤中二噁英类污染研究

对国内某钢铁企业厂区内土壤和烧结厂排放烟气中二噁英类物质进行了采样研究,得出土壤中二噁英类物质浓度范围是1.05~6.91pgⅠ-TEQ/g,平均值为3.22pgⅠ-TEQ/g;烟气中的浓度范围是0.23~0.48 ngⅠ-TEQ/Nm3,平均值为0.32 ngⅠ-TEQ/Nm3,给出了土壤和烟气中二噁英类物质形态分布特点,并根据形态分布存在的相似性推断出土壤中二噁英类物质主要来源于烧结厂烟气的排放。     

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface water and sediments from Baiyangdian Lake in North China

Persistent organochlorine compounds, including hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in surface water and sediments from Baiyangdian Lake, North China. Total concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in surface water were in the range of 3.13-10.60, 4.05-20.59 and 19.46-131.62 ng/L, respectively, and total concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in sediments were 1.75-5.70, 0.91-6.48 and 5.96-29.61 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Among the groups of HCHs (sum of α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH and δ-HCH) and DDTs (sum of DDT, DDD and DDE), the predominance of β-HCH, DDE and DDD in water and sediment samples was clearly observed. This observation suggested that β-HCH was resistant to biodegradation and the DDTs had been transformed to its metabolites, DDE and DDD. For PCBs, penta-, hexa- and hepta-chlorinated congeners were the most abundant compounds in the both phases. Furthermore, the partitioning of chlorinated compounds between sediment and water was investigated to understand their transport and fates in aquatic ecosystems. The results indicated that average logs of organic carbon-normalized sediment-water partition coefficients (logK_oc') for OCPs varied between 3.20 and 5.53, and for PCBs, logK_oc' values ranged from 3.19 to 5.57. The observed logK_oc' was lower than their equilibrium logK_oc predicted from linear model, which may be attributed to the solubility enhancement effect of colloidal matter in water phase and the disequilibrium between sediment and water.     

辽东湾滨海地区海水入侵分布及地下水化学特征分析

本文通过对辽东湾北部和东、西两侧滨海地区108个地下水井的监测数据进行分析,得出:(1)辽东湾海水入侵严重地区主要分布在辽东湾北部淤泥质海岸,其分布特点是严重海水入侵区、轻度海水入侵区由岸向陆呈带状分布;东西两侧以砂砾质海岸为主,局部地区海水入侵较重,大部分地区海水入侵较轻;(2)辽东湾地下水化学类型可分为五种类型,其分布特点是由岸向陆呈带状分布,规律明显,反映了海水入侵分布特征。氯化物型一般分布在微咸水至咸水区,重碳酸盐氯化物型或氯化物重碳酸盐型、重碳酸盐氯化物硫酸盐型或氯化物重碳酸盐硫酸盐型分布在微咸水向淡水过渡区,硫酸盐重碳酸盐型或重碳酸盐硫酸盐型、重碳酸盐型主要分布在淡水区。     

淮安市典型地区土壤中多环芳烃污染调查

对淮安市5个区域土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况进行了调查和分析,结果表明:被调查区域土壤中PAHs的平均质量比为1 641 μg/kg,城市附近区域--淮海南路旁农田、大运河畔城南农田、北京新村土壤中PAHs的质量比最高,分别为3 421 μg/kg、1 730 μg/kg和1 779 μg/kg,其污染特征因子为苊、菲、荧蒽、(艹屈)、茚并[1,2,3-c,d]芘、苯并[g,h,I]苝等;远离城市的区域--洪泽湖畔农田、洪泽湖大墩岛农田土壤中PAHs质量比较低,分别为716.3 μg/kg、560.9 μg/kg,污染特征因子为芴、苊、菲、(艹屈)等.     

基于新型有机多孔复合基质的生物系统去除污染水体中的氮磷

针对太湖入湖河道污染水体中的氮磷超标问题,以海绵铁、沸石、砾石和土壤为基质,采用动态吸附+生物法,对氮磷开展基于新型有机多孔复合填料的去除效果研究,结果表明,生物系统中的新型有机多孔复合基质在空间上形成了好氧-缺氧微环境,获得了较好的同步硝化-反硝化效果;通过正交实验确定流量0.00075 L/s,曝气时间24 h,pH值7,曝气量20 L/min为去除氮磷的最优条件;相对一级动力学方程、双常数方程而言,Elovich方程对3种填料的吸附动力学特征拟合最好,决定系数R2在0.81～0.92之间。通过平均去除效果较优分析,好氧条件下,NH3-N平均去除70.6%,TP平均去除81.2%;厌氧条件下,TN平均去除62.4%,COD平均去除42.6%;NH3-N、TP、TN和COD的最低浓度分别为0.75、0.095、1.1和18.3 mg/L,综合考虑主要污染物的去除效果和经济效益,本项新型有机多孔复合填料结合生物系统适宜去除河原平网地区污染水体中的氮磷。     

土壤石油类污染物强化生物修复技术研究进展

通过对石油类污染土壤的危害进行分析,指出生物修复技术是土壤石油类污染去除的重要手段。由于石油类污染物组成的复杂性及难降解性,高效降解微生物的富集、驯化,特别是基于多种生物协同共生的高效降解菌群的构建,是实现强化生物修复的重要途径。降解过程中污染物种类及理化性质、温度和pH值、电子受体、营养元素等都对污染物的降解产生较大的影响。     

Mechanism and kinetics study on the ozonolysis reaction of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the atmosphere

The ozonolysis of 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(2,3,7,8-TCDD) is an efcient degradation way in the atmosphere. The ozonolysis process and possible reactions path of Criegee Intermediates with NO and H2 O are introduced in detail at the method of MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p)//MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df,2p) level. In ozonolysis, H2O is an important source of OH radical formation and initiated the subsequent degradation reaction. The Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus(RRKM) theory was applied to calculate rate constants with the temperature ranging from 200 to 600 K. The rate constant of reaction between 2,3,7,8-TCDD and O3 is 4.80 × 10 20cm3/(mole·sec) at 298 K and 760 Torr. The atmospheric lifetime of the reaction species was estimated according to rate constants, which is helpful for the atmospheric model study on the degradation and risk assessment of dioxin.