水解/AMBBR/好氧工艺和传统A/O工艺处理低碳源污水的对比研究

为提高低碳氮比污水中易生物降解有机物的含量,实验设计了水解(H)/移动床生物膜反应器(AMBBR)/好氧(O)工艺,并与传统A/O工艺对比,考察其作为低碳源污水脱氮工艺的可行性。通过小试对比低温下(10.9~13℃)两工艺中污泥的反硝化性能,并进行了实验室规模的中试运行。小试结果显示,AMBBR两相污泥对硝酸盐的去除率比单纯反硝化污泥高出19.4%。中试结果表明,相同的运行条件下,两工艺对COD和NH3-N的去除效率相当,但H/AMBBR/O工艺对总氮的去除效率均优于传统A/O工艺;在各自最优工况下,前者平均总氮去除率较后者高出22.39%,且前者通过剩余污泥的回流水解实现了部分污泥减量化,尤其是对于温暖地区,该工艺能够有效改善低碳源污水脱氮性能。     

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles relieve biochemical dysfunctions of fifth-instar larvae of silkworms following exposure to phoxim insecticide

Phoxim insecticide is widely used in agriculture, which is toxic to insect pests and nontarget organisms. The phoxim poisoning is hard to prevent for silkworms. TiO₂ NPs have been widely applied in whitening, brightening foods, toothpaste or sunscreens, and orally-administered drugs. However, whether TiO₂ NPs can increase resistance of silkworm to phoxim poisoning has not been reported. The results demonstrated that added TiO₂ NPs significantly decreased reduction of protein, glucose and pyruvate contents, lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities, and attenuated increases of free amino acids, urea, uric acid and lactate levels, activities of protease, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the hemolymph of silkworms caused by phoxim exposure. From the present study, it is clearly evident that added TiO₂ NPs may relieve toxic impacts of phoxim insecticide on silkworm metabolism, which in turn may result in an increase in silk yield.     

Responses of CH(4), CO(2) and N(2)O fluxes to increasing nitrogen deposition in alpine grassland of the Tianshan Mountains

To assess the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in alpine grassland of the Tianshan Mountains in central Asia, CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were measured from June 2010 to May 2011. Nitrogen deposition tended to significantly increase CH₄ uptake, CO₂ and N₂O emissions at sites receiving N addition compared with those at site without N addition during the growing season, but no significant differences were found for all sites outside the growing season. Air temperature, soil temperature and water content were the important factors that influence CO₂ and N₂O emissions at year-round scale, indicating that increased temperature and precipitation in the future will exert greater impacts on CO₂ and N₂O emissions in the alpine grassland. In addition, plant coverage in July was also positively correlated with CO₂ and N₂O emissions under elevated N deposition rates. The present study will deepen our understanding of N deposition impacts on GHG balance in the alpine grassland ecosystem, and help us assess the global N effects, parameterize Earth System models and inform decision makers.     

汽车尾气微粒过滤器喷油助燃再生控制策略研究

微粒过滤器(DPF)已成为当前柴油机汽车尾气微粒排放控制技术的研究热点,以其喷油助燃再生方式为例,对再生控制问题进行有益探索。基于排气背压法判断DPF再生时机,阐述其再生控制原理。设计装有DPF及其喷油助燃再生装置的发动机实验台架,实时采集油耗与DPF背压数据,利用MATLAB建立DPF再生排气背压MAP。随机选取发动...     

催化型微粒捕集器的再生与压降数值研究

采用新的再生机理对催化型微粒捕集器（CPF）深床捕集微粒的氧化再生过程进行了建模,并将微粒捕集器中的压降分成5个部分分别计算,对其压降特性进行了数值研究。结果表明,新模型对深床捕集微粒的氧化再生计算与实验值吻合良好,比原模型更能反映微粒沉积的实际过程,深床捕集微粒的压降计算值也更精确。在排气流量大、温度高的工况下,深床捕集微粒的压降先迅速增大再减小的现象明显。研究结果能为工程应用提供验证手段,为CPF的优化设计提供依据。     

内电解法处理偶氮染料废水

采用内电解法处理偶氮染料废水。正交实验结果表明,铸铁铁屑加入量对废水脱色率的影响最大,其次是酸性反应pH,再次是碱性反应pH,最后是碱性反应时间。最佳处理工艺条件为：铸铁铁屑加入量10g,酸性反应pH2．0,碱性反应pH7．0,碱性反应时间10min。此条件下脱色率达98．89％。铸铁铁屑使用6次后对废水的脱色率明显下降,将使用6次后的铸铁铁屑活化,活化后废水脱色率由86．80％提高至93．83％。     

Relationships between pesticides and organic carbon fractions in sediments of the Danshui River estuary and adjacent coastal areas of Taiwan

In order to understand the fate of pesticides in marine environments, concentrations of pesticides and different carbonaceous fractions were determined for surface sediments in the Danshui River and nearby coastal areas of Taiwan. The major compounds detected were tetrachlorobenzene, HCHs, chlordane, aldrin, DDDs, DDEs and DDTs. Total concentrations of pesticides in the sediments ranged from not detectable to 23 ng g(-1), with the maximum value detected near the discharge point of the marine outfall from the Pali sewage treatment plant. These results confirm that pesticides persist in estuarine and nearby coastal environments of the Danshui River well after their ban. Concentrations of total pesticides significantly correlate with concentrations of total organic carbon and black carbon in these sediments, suggesting that total organic carbon and black carbon regulate the distribution of trace organic pollutants in fluvial and coastal marine sediments.     

生物催化氧化法脱除H2S的试验研究

针对H2S污染的严峻形势,构建了包括催化再生装置和生物滴滤器的生物催化氧化装置.该装置以沸石为填料,以氧化亚铁硫杆菌为脱硫菌种,通过微生物和Fe3 的双重氧化作用高效脱除H2S.试验确定了装置的适宜喷淋量和沸石的最佳粒径.在温度为30 ℃,进气量为0.25 m3/h,进气H2S浓度为2500 mg/m3,喷淋量为1000 mL/h,喷淋液的pH值为1.97、Fe3 浓度为0.05 mol/L的条件下,出气H2S浓度足以达到GB14554-93规定的一级厂界标准值.试验证明,生物催化氧化法是一种新型高效的脱硫技术,应进一步开展中试研究.     

活性染料K-2BP在环境水体中的光解效应

研究了活性染料K－2BP在TiO2存在下的光催化氧化分解。结果表明,影响光解过程的主要因素是染料浓度、催化剂TiO2的用量和pH。实验条件下,染料样液脱色率可达90％以上,将该法用于实际印染废水的处理,光照6h,脱色率可达70％以上。     

世纪之交土壤学研究的挑战和契机──从第16届世界土壤学大会看土壤学的未来

第１６届国际土壤学大会包括全会和４５个分会,内容涵盖土壤学所有分支并反映了本世纪土壤学的进展。本文综述了土壤学在全球资源与环境问题中的重要地位,分析了世纪之交土壤学面临的挑战和契机,提出土壤学只有拓展与其它学科以及社会的联系,服务于社会的可持续发展,保持自己的特色并在基础研究和应用研究中不断创新,才能在未来更好地生存和发展。