Association of benzo(a)pyrene with dissolved organic matter: Prediction of Kdom from structural and chemical properties of the organic matter

The affinity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) for binding a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), was measured for 11 surface and ground waters and a commercial humic acid. The hydrophobic-acid (HbA) and hydrophobic-neutral (HbN) compositions of the DOM, solution absorptivity at 270nm (ABS₂₇₀), and DOM molar volumes were determined. Waters enriched in HbA material had a larger molar volume and higher aromatic content (as indicated by the ABS₂₇₀). There was a good correlation between the size and HbA content of the DOM from the different sources and the K_dom for binding BaP. An excellent predictive relationship (r² = 0.9) was demonstrated between the ABS₂₇₀ of a water and the K_dom for binding BaP. Based on these results, it is suggested that binding of BaP to DOM depends not only on the hydrophobicity of DOM, but also on the existence of an open structure within the DOM to provide access of the aqueous solute to hydrophobic domains within the DOM.     

Element immobilization in refuse incinerator ashes by solidification in glass, ceramic or cement

Incineration of municipal refuse results in the production of massive quantities of fly ash and bottom ash. Toxic elements in the original refuse may be concentrated up to 40-fold in the resultant ash. There is concern that burial of such ash in landfills could result in leaching of these elements downward into groundwater. In this study, refuse ashes were incorporated into glass, ceramic and cement composites to immobilize such toxic elements. The EP Toxicity Test (1986) was used to show that extraction of such elements by simulated acid rain is effectively blocked in these new solid materials.     

The fate of chlorobenzenes and permethrins during anaerobic sewage sludge digestion

Mixed primary sewage sludge was incubated anaerobically with and without azide addition to prevent biological activity. The behaviour of 1,3-, 1,4- and 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-, 1,2,4- and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, and cis- and trans-permethrin was examined to determine their potential removal during anaerobic digestion. All the chlorobenzenes were removed to varying extents over 32 days of incubation, ranging from 25% removal for 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene to 80% removal for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Biodegradation may have been responsible for the reductions in 1,3- and 1,4-dichlorobenzene and 1,2,4- and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene as there was no significant removal of these compounds in azide treated sludge. The removal over 32 days of cis- and transpermethrin was 87% and 96% respectively. These removals were attributed to a chemical or physical process.     

Aerobic ethanol production by leaves: Evidence for air pollution stress in trees of the Ohio River Valley, USA

We measured the frequency with which leaves of trees in the Ohio River Valley produced ethanol aerobically, to determine if aerobic ethanol production might provide a viable field assay for air pollution stress. Leaves were collected from trees during the summers of 1985 and 1986 and ethanol production was determined using headspace GC. Frequency of ethanol production was compared with environmental factors, including air pollution concentrations. We found frequent foliar ethanol production and elevated alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the leaves of several species of trees in the Ohio River Valley, USA. The ethanol concentrations measured were often equivalent to those produced by anaerobic leaves. Ethanol production was associated with hot, hazy weather and elevated NO(2) concentrations. Ethanol production was more frequent in urban and industrialized areas. Ethanol production was not associated with natural stresses such as flooding and herbivory. We propose that aerobic ethanol production is the result of cell acidification due to the accumulation of acidic gases in the cytoplasm. The use of ethanol production as a diagnostic tool for detecting stress imposed by acidic gases is discussed.     

Acute toxicity of triphenyltin hydroxide to three cladoceran species

The toxicity of an organotin pesticide, triphenyltin hydroxide, was assessed with several freshwater cladoceran species. Daphnia pulex, Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed for 48 h to triphenyltin hydroxide in static acute toxicity tests. Values of the 48-h trimmed Spearman-Karber EC(50)s for the three species were found to be 14.5, 16.5, and 11.3 microg litre(-1), respectively. Analysis of variance performed on EC(50) values of replicates revealed no significant differences between the three species. Methods were employed which decrease animal handling stress and increase the accuracy and precision of the concentrations.     

Growth responses of birch and Sitka spruce exposed to acidified rain

Seedlings of birch and Sitka spruce were grown on a range of British soils for 2 years and exposed to simulated acid rainfall treatments of pHs 5.6, 4.5, 3.5 and 2.5. Both species developed visible leaf injury patterns when exposed to the pH 2.5 treatment. In Sitka spruce this leaf injury was followed by high needle loss during the first winter and greater mortality. Generally, height growth of Sitka spruce was unaffected by treatments, but acid rainfall at pH 2.5 increased the height of birch. Mean height of both species was strongly affected by soil type. Significant soils x treatment effects on the heights of both species indicated that on some soils plant growth responses to the treatments did not fit the general pattern. Hence, while the results indicate that generally ambient acidities of rainfall in the UK are unlikely to adversely affect the growth of birch or Sitka spruce, plants growing on some soils may be susceptible to injury.