大清河水系滨岸带入侵草本植物分布特征及影响因素

在雄安新区建设大背景下,保障大清河水系生物安全十分重要。为研究大清河水系入侵植物分布规律,探讨影响入侵植物分布的驱动因子,对大清河水系河湖滨岸带开展植被调查,识别滨岸带入侵植物,判定物种的入侵等级,分析物种入侵分布与环境因子和人类活动因素之间的相关性,并提出雄安新区面临的植物入侵风险及防范措施。结果表明：大清河水系有24种入侵植物,其中苋科和菊科合计占54.2%,一年生物种、无意引入物种分别占83.3%、62.5%,原产地为美洲的占62.5%,反枝苋、鬼针草、圆叶牵牛、鳢肠、大狼杷草、苘麻6种植物为流域内广布种;入侵植物种数和入侵性在流域中游的拒马河上游房山山区段、流域下游的牤牛河霸州城市段以及100 m高程分界线附近的山区—平原交接区明显高于其他区域;人类活动是影响植物入侵程度的主要因素,路网密度、建设用地面积占比越高,越有利于入侵植物的分布与扩散;大清河水系植物入侵程度尚可控,但需要在雄安新区建设过程中重视植物入侵定居及扩散风险,早做防范。

     

新发展阶段规划环境影响评价开展范围的几点建议

为满足当前管理需求,在厘清我国现行规划体系构成、类型及相互关系的基础上,系统梳理了空间规划、区域规划、专项规划内容特征与环境影响特点,结合近20年规划环评实践,提出规划环评开展范围调整建议。对于空间规划,建议国家级总体规划不纳入规划环评体系,省级总体规划编写环境影响篇章或说明,市、县、乡镇级总体规划编写环境影响报告书。对于区域规划,建议指导性大区域规划编写环境影响篇章或说明,非指导性大区域规划及新区、产业园区等的开发建设规划编写环境影响报告书。对于专项规划,建议将自然资源开发、能源、交通、水利、农业（含畜牧业、渔业）、工业等专项规划纳入规划环评体系,指导性规划编制环境影响篇章或说明,非指导性规划编制环境影响报告书。

     

云南省生物多样性与生态安全形势研究

云南省以其得天独厚的自然条件孕育了丰富而又脆弱的生物多样性资源，然而外来物种入侵破坏了云南的生物多样性，威胁到国家的生态安全。分析了外来物种入侵、生物多样性及生态安全三者之间的关系，提出生物多样性资源是我国的核心竞争力所在，要将维护生态安全提升到国家战略高度予以重视，同时采取多种措施防范外来物种入侵。     

沈阳市黑臭水体表层水DOM紫外光谱特征分析

为识别黑臭水体中DOM组成、结构及腐殖化水平,运用UV-vis(紫外-可见吸收光谱)与多元统计相结合的方式,对沈阳市5条黑臭水体的27个表层水样中DOM的UV-vis特征及9个紫外光谱指数进行研究。研究表明：27个表层水样中DOM的UV-vis吸收系数的变异系数在30%~80%之间,轻度黑臭水体相对于重度黑臭水体的紫外吸收峰在356、487、657 nm处分别发生了1、2、2 nm的蓝移;轻度黑臭水体紫外光谱指数SUVA254、S275~295、S350~400、A2/A1、A3/A1、A3/A2均高于重度黑臭水体,而E2/E3、E4/E6、E2/E4低于重度黑臭水体,轻度黑臭水体的腐殖化水平与腐殖化趋势高于重度黑臭水体。进一步分析得出：苯酚基(木质素和奎宁基团)决定了黑臭水体中DOM腐殖化进程,不同黑臭水体DOM的组分存在明显差异;轻度黑臭水体中DOM的腐殖化水平、芳香化程度、木质素与其他物质在腐殖化开始的比例、分子质量等均高于重度黑臭水体。多元统计与UV-vis技术对黑臭水体中DOM的组成及结构进行了定性,为黑臭水体的溯源和整治工作提供理论基础。     

原位洗脱技术对凉水河底泥中氮、磷释放特征的影响

为探讨新兴底泥原位修复技术—原位洗脱技术对城市河流凉水河底泥中氮、磷释放的抑制作用,于现场采集洗脱前后样品并设计室内静态模拟实验,分析了实验期间洗脱组和对照组上覆水中${{\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$-N、${{\rm{NO}}_3^ - }$-N、TN、${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$-P、TP浓度和释放速率变化特征。结果表明：洗脱组释放第30天时,${{\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$-N由底泥向上覆水中平均释放速率(−6.51±0.32) mg·(m²·d)⁻¹,对应上覆水中${{\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$-N平均浓度为0.52 mg·L⁻¹,较对照组下降了89.4%;${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$-P和TP平均释放速率较对照组降低了78.1%和83.0%,上覆水中TP平均浓度为0.22 mg·L⁻¹,较对照组下降了68.1%。原位洗脱技术对底泥中${{\rm{NH}}_4^ +} $-N、${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$-P释放的抑制作用主要通过对有机氮、磷物质的削减和水-沉积物界面还原环境的改善来实现。     

剩余污泥发酵液对黏性膨胀污泥特性的影响

为了解决剩余污泥碱性发酵液作为低碳氮比生活污水外加碳源时引发的黏性污泥膨胀问题,采用序批式反应器(SBR),以剩余污泥碱性发酵液为进水碳源,对黏性膨胀污泥的沉降性能及其影响因素之间的相关性进行了系统研究。结果表明：当进水COD值为300~350 mg·L⁻¹时,随着运行时间的推移,污泥容积指数(SVI)逐渐升高,最终达到540 mL·g⁻¹,此时发生污泥黏性膨胀现象;黏性膨胀污泥表面负电荷由0.62 mV累积到29.49 mV,相对疏水性(RH)从44%下降至19%,污泥容积指数(SVI)与Zeta电位、相对疏水性(RH)呈负相关(R²分别为0.837 71和0.678 54),与污泥粒径不相关;胞外聚合物总量从31 mg·g⁻¹提高至39 mg·g⁻¹,但LB-EPS/TB-EPS的比例从0.92增加至2.92;与TB-EPS相比较,LB-EPS与污泥容积指数(SVI)、Zeta电位、相对疏水性(RH)具有显著相关性(R²分别为0.892 88、0.885 29和0.776 68)。以上结果揭示了以发酵液为碳源引发的黏性膨胀污泥特性的变化规律,可为实际工程中以发酵液为碳源的黏性污泥膨胀问题提供借鉴。     

Substance flow analysis for an urban drainage system of a representative hypothetical city in China

This paper discusses the use of substance flow analysis (SFA) as a tool to support quantified research on urban drainage systems. Based on the principle of mass balance, a static substance flow model is established to describe and examine the routes and intensities of water, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for a representative hypothetical city (RH city) in China, which is a devised and scaled city using statistical characteristics of urban circumstances at the national level. It is estimated that the annual flux of water, COD, TN and TP through the urban drainage system in 2010 was 55.1 million m³, 16037.3 t, 1649.5 t and 209.7 t, respectively. The effluent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was identified as the most important pathway for pollutant emissions, which contributed approximately 60% of COD, 65% of TN and 50% of TP to receiving water. During the wastewater treatment process, 1.0 million m3, 7042.5 t, 584.2 t and 161.4 t of the four studied substances had been transmitted into sludge, meanwhile 3813.0 t of COD and 394.0 t of TN were converted and emitted to the atmosphere. Compared with the representative hypothetical city of 2000, urban population and the area of urban built districts had expanded by approximately 90% and 80% respectively during the decade, resulting in a more than threefold increase in the input of substances into the urban drainage system. Thanks to the development of urban drainage systems, the total loads of the city were maintained at a similar level.     

Changes of microbial composition during wastewater reclamation and distribution systems revealed by high-throughput sequencing analyses

This study employed 454-pyrosequencing to investigate microbial and pathogenic communities in two wastewater reclamation and distribution systems. A total of 11972 effective 16S rRNA sequences were acquired from these two reclamation systems, and then designated to relevant taxonomic ranks by using RDP classifier. The Chao index and Shannon diversity index showed that the diversities of microbial communities decreased along wastewater reclamation processes. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum in reclaimed water after disinfection, which accounted for 83% and 88% in two systems, respectively. Human opportunistic pathogens, including Clostridium, Escherichia, Shigella, Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium, were selected and enriched by disinfection processes. The total chlorine and nutrients (TOC, NH₃-N and NO₃-N) significantly affected the microbial and pathogenic communities during reclaimed water storage and distribution processes. Our results indicated that the disinfectant-resistant pathogens should be controlled in reclaimed water, since the increases in relative abundances of pathogenic bacteria after disinfection implicate the potential public health associated with reclaimed water.     

沈阳臭氧污染时空分布特征及变化趋势

以沈阳2013—2015年臭氧(O_3)监测数据为基础,从地域差异及时间变化上分析了沈阳O_3浓度变化特征。结果表明:沈阳城市外围O_3浓度高于城市中心;O_3浓度变化具有明显季节特征,夏季O_3浓度最高,冬季最低;O_3浓度日变化呈单峰分布,谷值出现在06:00,峰值出现在14:00;O_3浓度出现明显"周末效应",周末白天O_3浓度高于工作日O_3浓度,夜间差异不大。     

常压非平衡态等离子体降解挥发性烃类污染物

采用无声放电产生的非平衡态等离子体,对含有易挥发性有机化合物正己烷、环己烷、苯和甲苯4种典型的烃类废气的空气进行了处理．结果表明,对于一个大气压下正己烷含量（体积分数）为0．26％、0．79％、13％的宁气,在12kV的电压下放电ls,正己烷的降解率分别为88％、81.8％、64．9％．含有环己洗、苯及甲苯浓度为0．26％的空气,在同样的条件下,放电ls后,环己烷、苯及甲苯降解率分别为87．4％、8l％和70．3％,其主要降解产物为CO₂和H₂O．还研究了污染物浓度与氧含量对非平衡态等离子体法降解挥发性烃类污染物的影响