高效稳定纤维素分解菌复合系WSC-6的稳定性

对筛选到的一组纤维素分解菌复合系WSC-6,通过变性梯度胶电泳(DGGE)方法研究了菌种的组成稳定性.结果表明,在连续继代培养的第74～83代复合系的菌种组成没有变化,非常稳定.多代继代培养过程中各代的pH值变化趋势一致,pH值从发酵开始的8.7下降到纤维素旺盛分解时的6.5以下;随着分解结束,pH值逐渐恢复到发酵开始时的水平并保持稳定,具有较强的自我调节能力.多代继代培养后复合系各代的滤纸纤维素分解率和CMC糖化差异很小;在发酵液起始pH4～10的范围内,复合系对pH值具有缓冲能力,并正常分解纤维素;经过70～100℃高温处理10min后再转接的复合系对纤维素仍然具有分解能力,功能稳定.     

梧桐叶活性炭对不同极性酚类物质的吸附

以梧桐枯叶为原料、磷酸为活化剂制备活性炭,研究了不同浸渍比、活化温度、活化时间对活性炭孔结构和表面化学性质的影响. 通过XRD(X射线衍射)、BET比表面积、红外图谱、XPS(X射线光电子能谱)等对梧桐叶活性炭进行表征,并对其表面零电荷点(pH_pzc)进行了测定,从热力学的角度研究了梧桐叶活性炭对水溶液中不同极性酚类物质的吸附行为. 结果表明,梧桐叶活性炭制备的最佳工艺条件为:浸渍比(质量比)为3∶1,活化温度为450℃,活化时间为2.5h. 浸渍比增大、活化温度升高和活化时间的延长,都有利于增加活性炭表面极性;活性炭的极性表面对酚类物质的吸附有重要影响,梧桐叶活性炭对苯酚、邻硝基苯酚和对硝基苯酚的吸附量分别达到79.2、93.9和95.8mg/g. 热力学研究表明,梧桐叶活性炭对不同极性酚类物质的吸附符合Frenundlich等温吸附方程,并且是一个自发的放热过程,其吸附焓变、吸附熵变、吸附自由能变均小于零.      

Detailed analysis of PCBs and PCDD/Fs impurities in a dielectric oil sample （ASKAREL Nr 1740） from an imported transformer in China

Homolog and congener profiles of polychlori- nated biphenyls （PCBs）, polychlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxins （PCDDs） and polychlorinated dibenzofurans （PCDFs） in commercial PCBs formulations are useful information for the source appointment of PCBs contam- ination as well as the risk assessment caused by potential exposure. Dielectric oil （ASKAREL Nr 1740） in an imported transformer found in China was sampled and analyzed by isotope dilution technology using high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry （HRGC/HRMS）. The detailed homolog and congener profiles of PCBs obtained were compared with those of known Aroclor formulations. High similarity in the homolog profile between the oil sample and Aroclor 1260was found, with the hexachlorinated and hepta- chlorinated biphenyls accounting for more than 80.2% of the total PCBs concentration. Severn indicator PCBs contribute about 30%, while 12 PCB congeners （i.e., # 153, #143, #168, #180, #149, #165, #138, #170, #190, #187, #174, #181） account for more than 50% of the total PCB concentrations. Total concentration ofPCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs （DL-PCBs） was found to be 740 ng TEQ/g, of which 620 ng TEQ/g came from DL-PCBs. The contribution of PCDDs to the total TEQ was neglectable. The concentration of PCDFs homologs follows the order of OCDF 〉 HxCDFs 〉 HpCDFs 〉 PeCDFs 〉 TeCDFs, which is in consistence with the previous study on Aroclor 1260. Three DL-PCBs congeners （i.e., #118, #156, #157） accounted for 77% of the total concentration of DL-PCBs, also they contribute 72% in the TEQ caused by DL-PCBs.     

The Wicked Problem of China's Disappearing Coral Reefs

We examined the development of coral reef science and the policies, institutions, and governance frameworks for management of coral reefs in China in order to highlight the wicked problem of preserving reefs while simultaneously promoting human development and nation building. China and other sovereign states in the region are experiencing unprecedented economic expansion, rapid population growth, mass migration, widespread coastal development, and loss of habitat. We analyzed a large, fragmented literature on the condition of coral reefs in China and the disputed territories of the South China Sea. We found that coral abundance has declined by at least 80% over the past 30 years on coastal fringing reefs along the Chinese mainland and adjoining Hainan Island. On offshore atolls and archipelagos claimed by 6 countries in the South China Sea, coral cover has declined from an average of >60% to around 20% within the past 10–15 years. Climate change has affected these reefs far less than coastal development, pollution, overfishing, and destructive fishing practices. Ironically, these widespread declines in the condition of reefs are unfolding as China's research and reef‐management capacity are rapidly expanding. Before the loss of corals becomes irreversible, governance of China's coastal reefs could be improved by increasing public awareness of declining ecosystem services, by providing financial support for training of reef scientists and managers, by improving monitoring of coral reef dynamics and condition to better inform policy development, and by enforcing existing regulations that could protect coral reefs. In the South China Sea, changes in policy and legal frameworks, refinement of governance structures, and cooperation among neighboring countries are urgently needed to develop cooperative management of contested offshore reefs. El Problema Malvado de la Desaparición de los Arrecifes de Coral en China     

脱硫氧化风机的噪声控制

介绍了国电山西太一发电有限责任公司14号机组烟气脱硫工程氧化风机采用的噪声控制措施,该措施显著地降低了脱硫岛及厂界噪声,较好地解决了原有设备的操作、维修、散热等问题.     

近30 a贵州遵义县农田土壤有机碳动态及影响因素分析

论文选择贵州省遵义县为典型样区,使用1980 年代第二次土壤普查数据和2011 年实测数据,以耕地土壤图为基础,运用土壤类型法和通用有机碳密度度量法,测算样区近30 a农田土壤有机碳（SOC）储量和密度变化特征,借助逐步回归分析法,识别影响这一变化的潜在驱动因素,结果表明：①样区近30 a 农田总丢碳量2.94×10⁴ t,整体呈基本持平略带下降趋势;②样区近30 a农田单位面积碳变化量为-132.03 kg C·hm^-2,年均变化速率-4.40 kg C·hm^-2·a^-1,固碳、丢碳和相对平衡面积比为49.45: 32.96: 17.59;③不同土壤类型间不管是SOC储量还是土壤有机碳密度（SOCD）均差异显著,丢碳幅度最大的是山地黄棕壤,达77.34%,固碳幅度最大的是紫色土,是1980 年代的1.1 倍;④空间分布上,总体展现为以娄山山脉为界的西北丢碳东南固碳态势;⑤SOCD_1980s、机械组成（砂粒比、粘粒比、粉粒比）、全N密度、C/N 等指标是影响样区近30 a 间农田SOC变化的主要因素,且除SOCD_1980s外,剩余5 因素与SOCD年均变化速率间拥有正相关关系。研究有助于查明样区近30 a 农田SOC变化的本底和潜在影响因素,为未来农田SOC的管理提供数据基础。     

中国环境卫生标准体系设计研究

我国现有的环境卫生标准体系与环境保护目标相脱节、体系定位模糊、体系框架未体现专业化,且对流程管理和质量管理重视不足、体系结构不合理。所以重新设计中国环境卫生标准体系应遵循的原则包括以环境保护为最终目标、应用生命周期管理原则、区分强制性与推荐性标准、标准在体系框架内分布合理。据此设计了"专业—流程—质量"三维体系框架及各专业分体系。建议以新框架指导标准制(修)订;推进环境卫生法律法规与强制性标准统一管理,推荐性标准自愿执行;并实现标准查询和管理的信息化。     

对振动试验常见故障的分析及探讨

目的以电动振动台为例,对振动试验常见故障进行分析和探讨。方法从电动振动试验系统构成上着手,对振动试验系统在试验中常见的三种故障情况进行全面分析。结果给出了解决方案,考虑故障发生因素后,提出了科学合理的振动试验操作流程,以及进行振动试验时的相关建议。结论结合文中思路合理操作,可以降低振动台故障的发生几率,同时能提高试验质量、降低试验风险。     

不同来源的疏水性有机酸的光谱学研究

选取2个地表水体水样、2个城市污水处理厂二级处理出水水样和2个土样,从中提取出疏水性有机酸(HPO-A).采用紫外-可见光谱、红外光谱和荧光光谱技术,对不同来源的HPO-A的特性进行了比较和表征.结果表明,这6种HPO-A的吸光度均是随着波长的增加而下降.280nm处的吸收系数(A280)和600nm处的吸收系数(A600)均可排序为:土壤HPO-A地表水体HPO-A二级处理出水HPO-A.HPO-A的E253/E203(波长在253nm处的吸光度与波长在203nm处的吸光度的比值)与A600之间缺乏必然的联系.土壤HPO-A中不含有—CH3官能团.C=O官能团在地表水体HPO-A和土壤HPO-A中的含量较高,而脂族化合物在二级处理出水HPO-A中的含量较高.二级处理出水HPO-A中含有酰胺类化合物.类富里酸和类腐殖酸物质是HPO-A中主要的荧光物质.在地表水体HPO-A和二级处理出水HPO-A中,类富里酸荧光物质的相对含量较高.类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质的存在与否与HPO-A的来源无关.     

敌敌畏的臭氧氧化处理

在12 L的反应器中,观察了臭氧浓度分别为4.9、6.7和7.6 mg/L,溶液温度10.50℃,pH值为3.1、5.3、7.2、9.4和11.2条件下,臭氧氧化浓度为30 mg/L的有机磷杀虫剂敌敌畏的处理效果,并计算了臭氧氧化敌敌畏的反应动力学.结果表明,臭氧氧化法是处理敌敌畏的高效方法.不同浓度臭氧处理5 min时敌敌畏的去除率均在96%以上,6.7 mg/L的臭氧氧化处理敌敌畏4 min时矿化度(以TOC 计)可达34.8%.臭氧浓度越高,敌敌畏的降解速率越快.随着敌敌畏初始浓度的升高,敌敌畏的氧化去除率下降,但绝对去除量升高.试验范围内的pH值和温度对敌敌畏的臭氧氧化去除效果影响不大.在臭氧浓度6.7 mg/L,pH 7.2和室温20℃的条件下,臭氧氧化敌敌畏的反应级数为0.11,反应速率常数k为7.72 mg·(L·min)-1.