土壤重金属污染修复的研究

概述了土壤重金属污染的来源、现状、污染特点及其存在形态和作用机理。分析评论了土壤污染防治的三种主流技术：工程治理措施、化学治理措施和生物修复法,并指出了各自优缺点。也从物理、化学、植物与微生物联合修复方面全面地介绍了国内外重金属污染土壤的治理方法及最新进展,就其原理、实例、优缺点和合理应用等问题作了阐述。另外,还着重阐明了修复技术的概念、机理、影响因素、优势及可行性。同时,提出了当前土壤重金属污染与修复技术研究的重点,并在此基础上提出一些见解和看法,为今后这方面的研究提供一些参考。     

钢厂矿渣微晶玻璃制造及效益分析

综合利用工业废渣 ,开发新型材料是保护环境的一种有力手段 ,主要介绍了以高炉矿渣为主要原料的钢厂矿渣微晶玻璃生产 ,包括微晶玻璃生产的原料、配方、关键制造工艺以及性能分析 ,并且得出结论 :以高炉废渣为主要原料生产微晶玻璃技术可行 ,同时具有良好的应用前景和巨大的环境效益     

辐射制冷技术在安全帽上的应用研究*

为缓解夏季配戴安全帽导致的头部高温不适,采用具有光谱选择特性的辐射降温涂料对安全帽表面光学性能进行改性,经光学测试,安全帽的太阳辐射反射率由45%提升至89%,大气窗口发射率由92%提升至95%。对安全帽进行降温效果测试,并基于测试结果建立热力学模型。结果表明:在阳光直射下,改性安全帽内部温度低于普通白色安全帽,温差最大12.2 ℃;在热力学模型中,即使在夏季最热时间段（12∶00～14∶00）,改性安全帽内部温度仍可比普通安全帽低8 ℃,预测平均评价值由普通安全帽的3.5降低至1.0,预测不满意百分比从100%降低至20%。     

Optimizing Li2O-2B2O3 coating layer on LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a wet chemical method is used to coat LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ (NCM811) cathode material by Li₂O-2B₂O₃ (LBO) layer for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). For performance optimization, the effects of different contents (thicknesses) of LBO coating layers on NCM811 particle surface on the morphologies, structures, compositions, and electrochemical properties of the corresponding LIBs are studied using XRD, SEM, TEM, and electrochemical measurements. Coin LIBs are assembled with such coated NCM811 cathode materials for performance validation. Results show that LBO coating layer does not change the original lattice structure of the bulk material, it can only adhere to the surface of the bulk material. After coating, NCM811 shows a good crystallinity and the ordered layered structure. TEM images show that the thickness of LBO coating is increased with increasing LBO content, and that the appropriate LBO coating thickness and uniform coating state are conducive to the improvement of the electrochemical properties of NCM811 cathode materials. Particularly, NCM811 with LBO coating content of 1000 ppm shows the best performance compared to other coating contents. In this case, the coating thickness is relatively uniform, which is about 40～100 nm, giving a good first charge-discharge capacity of 214.1mAh/g, and a high Coulomb efficiency of 90.06%. After 50 cycles, the capacity retention rate of LIBs still keeps as high as 99.64%. Therefore, LBO coating can improve the performance of NCM811 and then the lithium-ion batteries.     

GC-MS在电子束辐照降解甲苯中的应用

用甲苯作为挥发性有机化合物的代表物质,建立了活性炭吸附-二硫化碳解吸气相色谱-质谱分析方法,对电子束辐照甲苯的静态实验和动态实验进行了定性、定量分析。实验结果表明：电子束辐照能有效地降解甲笨,其降解率随吸收剂量的增加而增大;同时,甲苯降解过程中也会生成部分有毒有害物质。该分析方法的检出限为0．02mg／L,工作曲线的线性范围为10～1000mg／L,相关系数为0．9998,活性炭吸附、解吸甲苯的加标回收率大于90％。     

垃圾焚烧炉干燥段通风阻力特性实验研究

倾斜往复式炉排是我国城市生活垃圾焚烧炉中经常采用的炉排形式之一。垃圾在炉排干燥段的干燥效果直接影响到其着火和燃烧,因此炉排下侧送出的一次风在垃圾层中的流通性显得尤其重要。本研究通过搭建冷态试验台,以Steinmuller炉排为例,测量了炉排和不同厚度的垃圾层在不同一次风流量下的阻力,并研究了炉排和垃圾层的通风阻力特性,为今后更好地组织和控制高水份垃圾在炉内的干燥预热和着火燃烧提供了设计依据。     

Mg2+对克雷伯氏菌NIII2及其诱变菌产絮凝剂特性的影响

研究了Mg2+对克雷伯氏菌NIII2及其诱变株NIII2-1、NIII2-2发酵产絮凝剂特性的影响作用。实验表明,发酵液未外加或投加较少量Mg2+时,3菌株均不分泌黄色物质,且易产酸,致使絮凝剂产量低,小于1.5 g/L。发酵液中加入Mg2+的浓度在0.5~0.7 mmol/L范围,絮凝剂产生时,伴随黄色分泌物出现,发酵液p H稳定在7.5左右,同时絮凝剂产量大大提高,可达9.7 g/L。未投加Mg2+,3菌株所产絮凝剂Zeta电位负值较大,分别为-59.2、-56.6、-52.1 m V,且蛋白质与糖含量比值小于0.5,絮凝活性低;而投加Mg2+所产絮凝剂Zeta电位值可升至-48.0 m V,3菌株所产絮凝剂中蛋白和糖含量比值分别可提高到1.87、3.29、2.03,对高岭土所产生的SS去除率均大于93%。未投加Mg2+时,诱变株NIII2-1、NIII2-2所产絮凝剂含有相当多的O-链接和N-链接的结构,而其他情况下所产絮凝剂则主要是O-链接结构。     

Dynamic chemical characteristics of soil solution after pig manure application: a column study

When manures from intensive livestock operations are applied to agricultural or vegetable fields at a high rate, large amounts of salts and metals will be introduced into soils. Using a column leaching experiment, this study assessed the leaching potential of the downward movement of Cu and Zn as well as some salt ions after an intensive farm pig manure at rates of 0%, 5% and 10% (w/w) were applied to the top 20 cm of two different textured soils (G soil -sandy loam soil; H soil-silty clay loam soil), and investigated the growth of amaranth and Cu and Zn transfer from soil to amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor). Soil solutions were obtained at 20, 40 and 60 cm depth of the packed column and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved organic matter (DOC) and Cu and Zn concentrations. The results indicated that application of pig manure containing Cu and Zn to sandy loam soil might cause higher leaching and uptake risk than silty clay loam soil, especially at high application rates. And manure amendment at 5% and 10% significantly decreased the biomass of amaranth, in which the salt impact rather than Cu and Zn toxicity from manures played more important role in amaranth growth. Thus the farmer should avoid application the high rate of pig manure containing metal and salt to soil at a time, especially in sandy soil.     

Predicting runoff of suspended solids and particulate phosphorus for selected Louisiana soils using simple soil tests

This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships among total suspended solids (TSS) and particulate phosphorus (PP) in runoff and selected soil properties. Nine Louisiana soils were subjected to simulated rainfall events, and runoff collected and analyzed for various parameters. A highly significant relationship existed between runoff TSS and runoff turbidity. Both runoff TSS and turbidity were also significantly related to runoff PP, which on average accounted for more than 98% of total P (TP) in the runoff. Runoff TSS was closely and positively related to soil clay content in an exponential fashion (y=0.10e0.01x, R2=0.91, P<0.001) while it was inversely related to soil electrical conductivity (EC) (y=0.02 x(-3.95), R2=0.70, P<0.01). A newly-devised laboratory test, termed "soil suspension turbidity" (SST) which measures turbidity in a 1:200 soil/water suspension, exhibited highly significant linear relationships with runoff TSS (y=0.06x-4.38, R2=0.82, P<0.001) and PP (y=0.04x+2.68, R2=0.85, P<0.001). In addition, SST alone yielded similar R2 value to that of combining soil clay content and EC in a multiple regression, suggesting that SST was able to account for the integrated effect of clay content and electrolytic background on runoff TSS. The SST test could be used for assessment and management of sediment and particulate nutrient losses in surface runoff.     

关于工业固体废物综合利用的探讨

随着我国城市化建设规模和数量不断增加和扩大,工业固体废物产生量正逐年增加,如何解决工业固体废物是现阶段城市发展中极其重要的问题。工业固体废物需要占据大量的土地资源,长时间的存放会对该区域造成严重的污染。本文主要对工业固体废物综合利用情况进行深入分析,阐述工作思路和目标,并提出针对性的解决措施,从而提高工业固体废物综合利用率,促进城市经济的可持续发展。