铁铈钛复合氧化物催化剂的制备及其选择性催化还原NO的性能

采用共沉淀法制备了一种新型催化剂——铁铈钛复合氧化物催化剂,研究了Fe掺加量、体积空速以及H2O和SO2的加入对其选择性催化还原NO性能的影响;采用XRD和SEM等手段对催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征。表征结果显示,Fe的掺加使催化剂表面的颗粒更均匀,提高了催化剂的分散度。实验结果表明：以Ce（NO3）3,Fe（NO3）3?9H2O,TiOSO4?2H2O为原料、按n（Ce）∶n（Fe）∶n（Ti）=0.2∶0.8∶1配比制得的Ce0.2Fe0.8TiOx为催化剂,在反应温度250 ℃、反应时间3 h、体积空速25 000 h-1的条件下,NO去除率为99.8%,N2选择性为100%;Fe的掺加显著提高了Ce0.2Fe0.8TiOx催化剂的抗H2O和SO2的能力。     

Mechanistic and kinetic study on the ozonolysis of n-butyl vinyl ether, i-butyl vinyl ether and t-butyl vinyl ether

Density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio method are employed to elucidate the mechanisms for O(3)-initiated oxidation of n-butyl vinyl ether (n-BVE) and its isomers (i-BVE and t-BVE). For each BVE, the reactions proceed via O(3) cycloaddition resulting in the formation of primary ozonides (POZs) and then two self-decomposition pathways of POZs are followed. Major products are identified to be formaldehyde and butyl formates (CH(3)CH(2)CH(2)CH(2)OCHO for n-BVE, (CH(3))(2)CHCH(2)OCHO for i-BVE and (CH(3))(3)COCHO for t-BVE). The total and individual rate constants for main product channels have been calculated using the modified multichannel Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) approach. At 298 K and 101 kPa, the calculated total rate constants are 2.50×10(-16), 3.41×10(-16) and 4.17×10(-16) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for n-BVE+O(3), i-BVE+O(3) and t-BVE+O(3), respectively, which are in perfect agreement with experimental results. The total rate coefficients are almost pressure independent in the range of 0.001-101 kPa but obviously positive temperature dependent over the whole study temperature range (200-400 K). Also, the favorable reaction pathways have been determined through the estimation of branching ratios. Moreover, the influence of alkoxy group structure on the reactivity of vinyl ethers was examined.     

序批式生物膜反应器处理农村生活污水的填料对比研究

选用4种填料进行序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理农村生活污水的研究,通过出水COD、NH4+-N等指标的测定以及生物膜的扫描电镜观察,考察了运用不同填料时SBBR的污染物去除情况和生物膜的长势,以期筛选出适用于农村生活污水处理的填料。结果表明,3#、4#SBBR(分别选用组合填料和碳素纤维填料)的DO、pH波动幅度均相对较小,比1#、2#SBBR(分别选用立体网状填料及海绵填料)更加稳定;4#SBBR的COD去除效果最好,水力停留时间仅需5h,3#SBBR的COD去除效果其次,所需水力停留时间为6h,而1#、2#SBBR在运行8h时也无法将COD完全消化;3#、4#SBBR出水的NH4+-N、TN去除效果均高于1#、2#SBBR;采用4种填料的SBBR的生物膜长势优劣情况为碳素纤维填料>组合填料>海绵填料>立体网状填料;碳素纤维填料及组合填料在受到进水负荷冲击后,能相对较快适应环境,且填料上的微生物活性较高,较适合运用于中国农村生活污水的处理。     

应用反渗透技术处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液

垃圾填埋场渗滤液属于高浓度氨氮废水,其水量、水质特性变化大,成分复杂,因此较难处理。反渗透分离技术能有效截留垃圾渗滤液中溶解态的有机和无机污染物。采用三级反渗透处理垃圾渗滤液工艺处理后的出水水质,能够满足《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》（DB16889-2008）要求,并把渗滤液浓缩液回灌于填埋场。     

神经网络模型在北海市空气日报污染指数计算中的应用

根据空气质量日报的实际需要,引入了Excel软件神经网络技术建立空气质量日报污染指数计算模型,采用LM算法提高了计算精度,并将模型应用于北海市空气日报。结果表明:此法较之实际公式计算法更加快捷方便,并且计算结果相当吻合。     

甲基红在壳聚糖上吸附富集的研究

研究了pH、初始浓度、时间及温度对甲基红在壳聚糖上吸附富集的影响。结果表明,pH是影响甲基红吸附富集的重要因素,最佳pH3．4。其动力学行为更好地符合Lagergren准二级反应动力学模型,随着温度增加,平衡吸附量减少。吸附过程的表观活化能（Ea）为7．518kJ／mol。壳聚糖对甲基红的吸附过程较好地符合Freundlich吸附等温方程。计算得到吸附过程的热力学参数△G0、△H0。和△S0分别为-24．88kJ／mol（303K）、-22．15kJ／mol和8．783J／（mol·K）,表明壳聚糖对甲基红的吸附是一个自发的放热过程。红外光谱分析得到,壳聚糖吸附甲基红的过程中,壳聚糖分子中存在的大量羟基和氨基发挥了主要作用。     

城市人为热排放分类研究及其对气温的影响

随着城市化进程日益加速,城市热岛现象愈发严重。利用上海市近50 a各区县月均温数据,统计分析了各区与崇明夏季每5 a均温差,发现热岛效应由市区中心向郊区延伸,范围越来越大,特别是20世纪80年代开始温差呈较大幅增加,城市热岛现象显著;在前人工作的基础上,分析热岛产生机制中的主要原因之一：城市中人为热排。绘制人为热排放流程图,并将城市人为热源进行分类,分析所有可能成为人为热排放源的设施以便定性及控制研究;对供给,消费和排出3种阶段的计算方法进行对比归纳,根据目的不同分别使用;分别计算燃油排热和燃煤排热以估算上海市人为热排放总量,统计上海市区和郊区的年均温及年均温差随时间变化及其与人为热排放之间的关系,发现两者之间有很好的相关性;最后就上海市夏季空调使用排热对上海市温度影响进行了定性研究,数字化上海市航片得到上海市建筑物分布图,假设楼层和空调密度之间存在相关性,发现空调排热与地面温度反演有着非常良好的一致性,同时也是造成上海城市高温的主要因素之一     

Fe2+/活性炭非均相Fenton试剂氧化法降解苯酚

采用Fe2+/活性炭非均相Fenton试剂催化处理高浓度模拟苯酚废水.以体积分数为40％的硫酸对颗粒活性炭进行预处理后加入质量分数为10％的硫酸亚铁溶液,制备Fe2+/活性炭.在非均相Fenton试剂氧化体系中,Fe2+/活性炭初次使用时,苯酚去除率为92％;连续重复使用5次,苯酚去除率仍可达53％.     

Persistent organic pollutant emissions from medical waste incinerators in China

The huge amount of medical waste (MW) has caused a tough challenge to environmental protection in China because of its serious infectious potential. At present, incineration is the most common technology for MW disposal. Unfortunately, the medical waste incinerator (MWI) is considered one of the major sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This study was conducted to investigate the generation and the components of MW; the fingerprint of PCDD/Fs in MWI; and PCDD/F, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and hexachlorobenzene concentrations in residue ash. The estimated annual production of MW was estimated to be 0.97 million tons in China in 2008; in addition, plastic and rubber accounted for 24.5% of MW contents. PCDD/F emissions from MWI could be divided into two main groups according their fingerprints, and the ratio of PCDFs/PCDDs was mostly over 1.5, with a mean value of 3.43. The toxic equivalent of PCDD/Fs was over 30 times that of the value of PCBs in the residue ash, and PCDD/F contents in fly ash accounted for approximately 67% of the total output of PCDD/Fs, which was in line with the UNEP default emission factors for MWI (class 3, 63.7%).     

International comparative study of 3R and waste management policy developments

Reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R) policies form the basis of waste management and global warming countermeasures globally, so we conducted a comparative study of 3R and waste management policies in the European Union (EU), USA, Korea, Japan, China, and Vietnam. An international workshop for 3R and waste management policymakers was held in Kyoto, Japan, and a bibliographic survey was also conducted to collect data. 3R policies are clearly given priority in the hierarchy of waste management in every country studied. Thermal recovery, which includes power generation from waste heat and methane gas collected from organic waste, is also a priority; this is consistent with the increased use of countermeasures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the EU, waste management is characterized by practical and effective 3R policies through the development of realistic regulations and by the policymakers??desire to simplify management systems. The policy ideal in China, however, is the development of a circular economy that targets reductions in the amount and hazardousness of waste. Limits on the number of final disposal sites, strategies for procuring resources, and GHG emission countermeasures are closely linked with 3R policies, and further development of 3R policies in parallel with such issues is expected.