芦苇和香蒲在人工湿地城市污泥处理系统中的应用

用有机玻璃材料做成模拟人工湿地,分别种植芦苇和香蒲考察2种模拟植物湿地对城市污泥干化和稳定化、污泥中营养元素和重金属去除效果,并和空白湿地对比。实验污泥取自当地污水厂二沉池,污水处理采用厌氧池加氧化沟工艺。模拟人工湿地进泥负荷为0.72 kg TS/(m2.d),进泥中TS平均含量为5.58 g/L,pH为6.80。实验期为1年,采用间歇式进泥,渗滤液月采集测样一次,湿地剩余污泥2月1次。实验结果受天气和气候影响较大,处理效果夏季好于冬季,出水水质和剩余污泥的干化及稳定效果芦苇湿地好于香蒲湿地。剩余污泥中各种重金属含量低于污泥农用标准中各重金属离子浓度要求。结果表明,人工湿地植物净化系统对城市污泥有较好的脱水和稳定化效果。     

节能环保型燃烧器技术特点分析及应用

由于原广泛使用的北美燃烧器存在技术落后、安全保护措施欠缺、操作复杂、安全隐患多、节能和环保不达标等问题,为适应当前注汽锅炉安全可靠、高效经济和低污染排放的运行要求,国内稠油热采注汽锅炉逐步应用新型节能燃烧器。通过总结各类新型节能燃烧器在燃烧效率、控制理念、动态监测、节能环保、燃料保护等方面的技术性能,分析其具有燃烧效率高、节能环保、安全可靠、自动控制水平高等特点,并验证实际运行效果,展望工业燃烧器技术发展趋势,为指导燃烧器选型和技术管理提供依据和参考。     

遗传投影寻踪回归在城市环境质量评价中的应用

引入投影降维的思想,将遗传投影寻踪与回归分析技术运用到城市环境质量评价中。将此技术与神经网络方法进行实例比较,投影寻踪回归方法不但可以合理地作出环境质量的综合评价,而且消除了神经网络方法中类别判断不够精确的影响。     

辉县市城区环境空气质量现状及污染防治对策

对辉县市城区2006—2011年间环境空气质量监测数据进行了评价,并对城区污染物浓度时空变化进行了分析。结果表明,辉县市城区大气污染主要表现为可吸入颗粒物污染严重,主要是能源结构不合理、锅炉废气污染严重、城区道路保洁方式落后等原因造成的,由此提出了合理规划城市布局、减少结构性污染等对策。     

Assessment of heterogeneity of metal composition of fine particulate matter collected from eight U.S. counties using principal component analysis

The main objectives of this study are to (1) characterize chemical constituents of particulate matter (PM) and (2) compare overall differences in PM collected from eight US. counties. This project was undertaken as a part of a larger research program conducted by the Johns Hopkins Particulate Matter Research Center (JHPMRC). The goal of the JHPMRC is to explore the relationship between health effects and exposure to ambient PM of differing composition. The JHPMRC collected weekly filter-based ambient fine particle samples from eight US. counties between January 2008 and January 2010. Each sampling effort consisted of a 5-6-week sampling period. Filters were analyzed for 25 metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Overall compositional differences were ranked by principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that weekly concentrations of each element varied 3-40 times between the eight counties. PCA showed that the first five principal components explained 85% of the total variance. The authors found significant overall compositional differences in PM as the average of standardized principal component scores differed between the counties. These findings demonstrate PCA is a useful tool to identify the differences in PM compositional mixtures by county. These differences will be helpful for epidemiological and toxicological studies to help explain why health risks associated with PM exposure are different in locations with similar mass concentrations of PM.     

椰壳活性炭吸附消除VOCs

对一种椰壳活性炭对甲基丙烯酸甲酯的吸附消除行为进行了研究,重点考察了甲基丙烯酸甲酯的浓度、流速和吸附温度等条件以及水汽存在时对活性炭吸附行为的影响。结果表明,该颗粒活性炭对甲基丙烯酸甲酯有良好的吸附效果,甲基丙烯酸甲酯进口浓度和进气量的改变均会影响吸附饱和时间,导致其增加或减少。通过变温吸附实验确定降低环境温度对其吸附有促进作用。湿度为50%时吸附量相对干气饱和吸附量影响较小,说明该活性炭抗水汽能力较好。经多次重复再生实验,其饱和吸附量未见明显下降。     

复合型絮凝剂处理景观水体

利用以生物絮凝剂(1 g/L MBF-28)与化学絮凝剂(5 g/L PAC)复配后的复合絮凝剂CBF28C处理景观水体,考虑了复配比、投加量、pH和投加顺序对处理景观水的影响。实验结果表明:对于反应体系为100 mL景观水体,当MBF-28与PAC溶液复配体积比为3∶1,反应体系pH为7.0,1 mL 1%CaCl2作助凝剂,1.5 mL CBF28C时,其絮凝效果最好,其COD,色度,TN,TP的去除率分别为90.7%,54.1%、46.6%和51.5%。最佳水力条件为:快速320 r/min,快搅时间45 s,慢速80 r/min,慢搅时间100 s。并且得出了前10 min内絮凝率的反应关系方程式。     

A comparison study on high-temperature water–gas shift reaction over Fe/Al/Cu and Fe/Al/Ni catalysts using simulated waste-derived synthesis gas

A comparative study on Fe/Al, Fe/Al/Cu, and Fe/Al/Ni catalysts in high-temperature water–gas shift reaction (HT–WGS) using simulated waste-derived synthesis gas has been carried out. The metal oxide (Cu and Ni) and aluminum incorporated Fe catalysts were designed to get highly active HT–WGS catalysts. Despite the high CO concentration in the simulated waste-derived synthesis gas, Fe/Al/Cu catalyst exhibited the highest CO conversion (84 %) and 100 % selectivity to CO₂ at a very high gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 40,057 h^?1. The outstanding catalytic performance is mainly due to easier reducibility, the synergy effect of Cu and Al, and the stability of the magnetite.     

Adsorption behavior of light green anionic dye using cationic surfactant-modified wheat straw in batch and column mode

An agricultural by-product, natural wheat straw (NWS), was soaked in 1 % cationic surfactant (hexadecylpyridinium bromide, CPB) solution for 24 h (at 293 K), and modified wheat straw (MWS) was obtained. Analysis of FTIR, XFR, and nitrogen element showed that CPB was adsorbed onto surface of NWS. Then, MWS was used as adsorbent for the removal of light green dye (LG, anionic dye) from aqueous solution. The experiment was performed in batch and column mode at room temperature (293 K). Sodium chloride (up to 0.1 mol/L) existed in solution was not favor of LG dye adsorption. The equilibrium data were better described by Langmuir isotherm, and adsorption capacity of q _m from Langmuir model was 70.01?±?3.39 mg/g. In fixed-bed column adsorption mode, the effects of initial LG concentration (30, 50, 70 mg/L) and flow rate (6.5, 9.0, 14.5 mL/min) on adsorption were presented. Thomas and modified dose–response models were used to predict the breakthrough curves using nonlinear analysis method, and both models can fit the breakthrough curves. Theoretical and experimental breakthrough curves were drawn and compared. The results implied that MWS can be used as adsorbent material to remove LG from aqueous solution.     

Photocatalytic degradation of contaminants of concern with composite NF-TiO2 films under visible and solar light

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of composite nitrogen and fluorine co-doped titanium dioxide (NF-TiO₂) for the removal of contaminants of concern in wastewater under visible and solar light. Monodisperse anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles of different sizes and Evonik P25 were assembled to immobilized NF-TiO₂ by direct incorporation into the sol–gel or by the layer-by-layer technique. The composite films were characterized with X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and porosimetry analysis. The photocatalytic degradation of atrazine, carbamazepine, and caffeine was evaluated in a synthetic water solution and in an effluent from a hybrid biological concentrator reactor (BCR). Minor aggregation and improved distribution of monodisperse titania particles was obtained with NF-TiO₂-monodisperse (10 and 50 nm) from the layer-by-layer technique than with NF-TiO₂?+?monodisperse TiO₂ (300 nm) directly incorporated into the sol. The photocatalysts synthesized with the layer-by-layer method achieved significantly higher degradation rates in contrast with NF-TiO₂-monodisperse titania (300 nm) and slightly faster values when compared with NF-TiO₂-P25. Using NF-TiO₂ layer-by-layer with monodisperse TiO₂ (50 nm) under solar light irradiation, the respective degradation rates in synthetic water and BCR effluent were 14.6 and 9.5?×?10^?3?min^?1 for caffeine, 12.5 and 9.0?×?10^?3?min^?1 for carbamazepine, and 10.9 and 5.8?×?10^?3?min^?1 for atrazine. These results suggest that the layer-by-layer technique is a promising method for the synthesis of composite TiO₂-based films compared to the direct addition of nanoparticles into the sol.