Heavy metal and Pb isotopic compositions of aquatic organisms in the Pearl River Estuary, South China

The accumulation of trace metals in aquatic organisms may lead to serious health problems through the food chain. The present research project aims to study the accumulation and potential sources of trace metals in aquatic organisms of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). Four groups of aquatic organisms, including fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish, were collected in the PRE for trace metal and Pb isotopic analyses. The trace metal concentrations in the aquatic organism samples ranged from 0.01 to 2.10 mg/kg Cd, 0.02 to 4.33 mg/kg Co, 0.08 to 4.27 mg/kg Cr, 0.15 to 77.8 mg/kg Cu, 0.17 to 31.0 mg/kg Ni, 0.04 to 30.7 mg/kg Pb, and 8.78 to 86.3 mg/kg Zn (wet weight). High concentrations of Cd were found in crab, shrimp and shellfish samples, while high concentration of Pb was found in fish. In comparison with the baseline reference values in other parts of the world, fish in the PRE had the highest elevated trace metals. The results of Pb isotopic compositions indicated that the bioaccumulation of Pb in fish come from a wide variety of food sources and/or exposure pathways, particularly the anthropogenic inputs.     

土壤渗滤对有机微污染物去除性能研究

采用土壤柱试验研究了土壤渗滤对再生水中有机微污染物的去除性能。结果表明,土壤柱对再生水中的DOC、UV₂₅₄、总氮和总磷有较好的去除效果,并具有较高的抗冲击负荷的能力;土壤表层10 cm厚度对DOC的去除起主要作用;UV₂₅₄和AOX在土壤表层10 cm厚度降解效果不明显,随着深度增加去除率逐渐升高;液相色谱有机碳探测(LC-OCD)检测结果表明,土壤柱对溶解性有机物质的去除主要体现在对多糖物质的降解上,其次是有机酸类,对腐殖质也有一定的去除作用。     

Characterizing effects of uncertainties in MSW composting process through a coupled fuzzy vertex and factorial-analysis approach

A coupled fuzzy vertex and factorial-analysis approach was developed in this study for systematically characterizing effects of uncertainties in a municipal solid waste composting process. A comprehensive composting process model was also embedded into the system framework and used to address substrate decomposition and biomass growth, as well as the interactions between moisture contents, temperatures, and oxygen concentrations. The applicability of the proposed method was verified through a custom-made pilot-scale composting system. Results from fuzzy simulation indicated that the fuzzy vertex method could effectively communicate implicit knowledge into dynamic simulations and thus provide valuable information for enhancing composting process control under uncertainty. The factorial analysis was effective in quantifying the proportion to which the uncertainty of each single or interactive effect of model parameters contributes to the overall uncertainty of the system outcomes. Thus, sensitive parameters that may lead to errors or unreasonable predictions can be determined. The proposed study system could not only be used in characterizing combined effects of uncertainties for composting processes, but was also applicable to many other environmental modelling systems.     

应用D412螯合树脂治理含镍电镀废水的研究

本文研究了Ｄ４１２螯合树脂对Ｎｉ（Ⅱ）离子静态和动态的吸收性能,并且研究了使用Ｄ４１２树脂除去和回收电镀废水中镍的最佳条件。     

生物除磷系统启动期聚磷菌的FISH原位分析与聚磷特性

应用FISH对以乙酸钠为碳源的强化生物除磷 (EBPR) SBR反应器启动期的微生物进行原位分析,考察除磷生态系统形成过程中聚磷菌种群结构、空间分布关系动态变化及其聚磷特性.结果表明,以异养菌为主的活性污泥经过厌氧/好氧驯化后,聚磷菌大量富集,在全菌中的比例由11.5%增加到40.48%.启动过程中,生物系统内菌群竞争持续进行：首先,聚磷菌淘汰异养菌,历时5 d;聚磷菌种群内选择过程历时19 d;经过优势聚磷菌群的二次增长后,共计34 d完成生物除磷系统的启动.富集过程中快速增殖的聚磷菌不能立刻行使除磷能力,要有一段“积累期”形成一定的PHA和poly-P储备.表现为污染物去除效率滞后于聚磷菌的增殖,经过4～8 d的 “积累期”后上升出现峰值.二次增长的优势聚磷菌群也经过“积累期”后才发挥作用.FISH图片显示,快速增殖期的聚磷菌菌体小,菌群结构松散.经过“积累期”之后,菌体不断增大,并开始紧密聚集形成致密的团状,此时反应器处理效率较高.     

缓倾斜煤层孤岛工作面巷道底鼓机制及控制

针对缓倾斜煤层孤岛工作面回采巷道底鼓严重的状况,以庞庞塔矿5煤107工作面运输顺槽为研究背景,测试了顶底板的矿物成分、微观结构,利用物理模拟研究了底鼓机制,结果表明:①107工作面运输顺槽底板以高岭石为主,膨胀性岩石成分较低,岩石内部空隙较少,结构致密,强度高;②107工作面运输顺槽底鼓属于挤压流动性底鼓,掘进期间发生的是浅部岩层整体弯曲,在采动超前支承压力影响阶段,底板上位坚硬岩层超过其抗弯强度而发生破断,下位软弱底板解除约束,变形急剧增加,帮角出现裂隙,底板变形出现剧烈变形区、受限变形区、变形过渡区;③107工作面运输顺槽底鼓机制为:坚硬底板在高应力下的挤压流动是造成底鼓的主要原因,缓倾斜煤层巷道底板存在三角煤和底板岩石中存在少量膨胀性岩石对底鼓影响较小。针对性提出了采用开挖卸压槽释放压力方式进行底鼓治理,现场实测表明所提措施可有效降低巷道底鼓量。     

外循环厌氧处理工艺中布水和三相分离的改进研究

污水处理中的布水设备和三相分离设备存在很多缺点,通过旋流配水装置和传统配水装置、小间距斜板三相分离装置和传统三相分离装置的比较试验,研究了旋流配水装置和小间距斜板三相分离装置的性能.研究结果表明:在相同膨胀率的条件下,旋流配水装置所需的回流量小,能耗相对较少;在水力上升流速为8 m/h时,采用旋流配水装置进水时,污泥分布曲线较平缓,污泥在高度上分布较均匀,而采用传统配水装置进水时,污泥主要分布在反应器底部,污泥浓度分布不均匀;在上升流速相同的情况下,采用小间距三相分离装置的反应器出水携带的颗粒污泥浓度较小;在相同的进水COD浓度时,小间距三相分离装置分离的沼气量较多.改进的布水和三相分离装置的性能明显优于传统的布水和三相分离装置.     

基于数据挖掘的施工危险识别注意投入与分配研究*

为分析施工情境中危险识别注意资源动态投入分配规律,基于动态时间规整算法,挖掘危险识别注视轨迹序列,以表征注意资源投入分配变化,并采用k-means聚类、注视熵、Needleman-Wunsch全局序列对齐算法和统计等方法,深入挖掘注意资源在危险目标中投入和分配等时空变化规律。研究结果表明:当事人危险识别各阶段注意资源呈现从显著目标到高危目标的投入变化趋势,危险识别注意资源分配随情境复杂因素呈现零散、均匀的空间特征,分配无序程度提高。     

大窑湾疏浚水环境要素变化特征及其相关关系

根据大窑湾后６个泊位疏浚工程本底调查和疏浚监测结果，借助因子分析探讨了疏浚前后水环境要素的变化特征及相关关系，找出了控制污染物分布的主要因子，评价了疏浚对海洋环境的影响。     

短期保护性耕作措施对大豆-冬小麦轮作系统温室气体排放的影响

通过田间试验,在大豆和冬小麦生长季,进行常规翻耕(conventional tillage,T)、免耕(no-tillage with no straw cover,NT)、常规翻耕+秸秆(conventional tillage with straw cover,TS)、免耕+秸秆(no-till with straw cover,NTS)4种耕作措施处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤-作物系统CO_2和N_2O排放通量.结果表明:在大豆生长季,与T相比,NTS在开花-结荚期显著增加了CO_2累积排放量(P=0.045),增幅达27.9%;NT在鼓粒-成熟期显著降低了CO_2累积排放量(P=0.043),降幅达28.9%.与T相比,NT在鼓粒-成熟期的N_2O累积排放量降低了28.3%(P=0.042).在冬小麦生长季,与T相比,TS、NT在拔节-孕穗期使CO_2累积排放量降低了24.3%(P=0.032)和36.0%(P=0.041),在成熟期降低了26.8%(P=0.027)和33.1%(P=0.038).在返青期,NT、NTS、TS的N_2O累积排放量与T比较均没有明显差异,NTS比NT的N_2O累积排放量降低了42.0%(P=0.035).可见,保护性耕作措施对土壤-作物系统CO2排放的影响较大,对N2O排放的影响不明显.