污染土壤稳定化碳排放计算方法及案例研究

基于污染土壤稳定化全生命周期分析,确定碳排放核算边界,提出碳排放计算方法.稳定剂生产、基础设施建设、工程实施、稳定化土壤处置是污染土壤稳定化主要碳排放来源;方案设计、稳定化土壤养护和工程验收产生的碳排放量占总碳排放量的比例较小.基于提出的碳排放计算方法,评价了某砒霜厂遗留地块污染土壤原地异位稳定化的碳排放.结果表明,该工程总碳排放量为421516.31kg,稳定化每吨污染土壤的碳排放量为34.78kg;稳定剂原材料产生的碳排放是稳定化最主要的碳排放来源,占总碳排放量86.26%;其次为稳定剂原材料和稳定剂运输过程中运输工具能源消耗产生的碳排放,占总碳排放量10.82%.据此,研发低碳稳定剂和缩短材料运输距离是污染土壤稳定化碳减排的2个重要路径.     

Effects of vermiculite on the growth process of submerged macrophyte Vallisneria spiralis and sediment microecological environment

Ecological restoration is one of the hot technologies for the reconstruction of eutrophic lake ecosystems in which the restoration and propagation of submerged plants is the key and difficult step. In this paper, the effect of vermiculite on the growth process of Vallisneria spiralis and sediment microenvironment were investigated, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the application of vermiculite in aquatic ecological restoration. Results of growth indexes demonstrated that 5% and 10% vermiculite treatment groups statistically promote the growth of Vallisneria spiralis compared to the control. Meanwhile, the results of ecophysiological indexes showed that photosynthetic pigment, soluble sugar content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity of 5% and 10% group were increased compared with the control while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content exhibited the opposite result (p < 0.05), which illustrated that vermiculite can improve the resistance of plants and delay the aging process of Vallisneria spiralis. In addition, result of PCA (Principal Component Analysis) demonstrated 5% and 10% group has improved the sediment physical conditions and create more ecological niche for microorganisms directly, and then promoted the growth of plants. The dissolution results showed that vermiculite can dissolve the constant and trace elements needed for plant growth. Furthermore, the addition of vermiculite increased the diversity of microorganisms in the sediments, and promoted the increase of plant growth-promoting bacteria and phosphorus-degrading bacteria. This study could provide a technique reference for the further application of vermiculite in the field of ecological restoration.     

响应面法优化重金属絮凝剂MAMPAM除Cu(Ⅱ)的絮凝条件

以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和巯基乙酸(TGA)为主要原料,经羟甲基化反应和酰胺化反应将巯基接枝到PAM分子链上,制备出具有重金属螯合能力的絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺(MAMPAM). 以含Cu(Ⅱ)水样为考察对象,采用响应面法中的CCD试验对MAMPAM除Cu(Ⅱ)的絮凝条件进行优化. 结果表明:①试验值与响应值的点基本呈线性,决定系数R2值为0.915 4,残差服从正态分布,说明模型的合理性和拟合性均较好;模型的F值为12.75,P值为0.000 2(<0.001),表明模型非常显著. ②水样初始pH(X₁)、Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度(X₂)、MAMPAM投加量/Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度(X₃)的P值分别为0.003 4、0.073 2、0.000 5,说明X₁、X₃为显著影响因素,X₂为不显著影响因素. 通过响应面分析,X₁X₃、X₂X₃之间的交互作用显著,X₁X₂之间的交互作用不显著. ③通过模型验证得到最佳絮凝条件为软件推荐的絮凝条件,即水样初始pH为5.8、Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度为65.6 mg/L、MAMPAM投加量与Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度的比值为3.7∶1,在此条件下试验测得的Cu(Ⅱ)去除率为95.05%,模型预测的Cu(Ⅱ)去除率为98.52%,相对偏差为?3.52%. 研究显示,利用响应面法优化MAMPAM除Cu(Ⅱ)的絮凝条件可行.      

CaO2促进MFC同步处理剩余污泥和六价铬废水的效能

为了提高剩余污泥降解效能和废水中六价铬还原效能,研究了CaO₂对微生物燃料电池同步处理剩余污泥和六价铬废水的影响,考察了不同CaO₂投加量下微生物燃料电池阳极剩余污泥的降解效能、阴极六价铬的还原效能及产电效能.结果表明,当阳极室CaO₂投加量分别为0,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8gCaO₂/gVSS时,运行120h后,阴极六价铬还原率分别为73.38%,78.91%,99.47%,97.70%,97.04%,96.37%,运行30d后,阳极剩余污泥TCOD降解率分别为72.4%,76.9%,81.0%,78.2%,75.7%,74.2%.证明投加CaO₂后,六价铬还原率和TCOD降解率都有提高.当投加量为0.2gCaO₂/gVSS时处理效能最好,输出电压最大为1.15V.六价铬还原率提高了36.08%,TCOD降解率提高了11.88%.此外,投加CaO₂后微生物燃料电池电化学活性有所提高,表明CaO₂投加对电池电子传递过程有促进作用.结果说明CaO₂有利于提高对微生物燃料电池同步处理剩余污泥和六价铬废水效能.     

PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Beijing: Seasonal variations, sources, and risk assessment

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) have been of health concern due to its carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. In this study, we aimed to assess the variations, sources, and lifetime excessive cancer risk(ECR) attributable to PAHs bound to ambient particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm(PM_(2.5)) in metropolitan Beijing, China. We collected24-hour integrated PM_(2.5) samples on daily basis between November 2014 and June 2015 across both central heating(cold months) and non-heating(warm months) seasons, and further analyzed the PAH components in these daily PM_(2.5) samples. Our results showed that total concentrations of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs varied between(88.6 ± 75.4) ng/m~3 in the cold months and(11.0 ± 5.9) ng/m~3 in the warm months. Benzo[a]pyrene(Ba P), the carcinogenic marker of PAHs,averaged at 5.7 and 0.4 ng/m~3 in the cold and warm months, respectively. Source apportionment analyses illustrated that gasoline, biomass burning, diesel, coal combustion and cooking were the major contributors, accounting for 12.9%, 17.8%, 24.7%, 24.3% and 6.4% of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs, respectively. The BaP equivalent lifetime ECR from inhalation of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs was 16.2 cases per million habitants. Our results suggested that ambient particulate reduction from energy reconstruction and adaption of clean fuels would result in reductions PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs and its associated cancer risks. However, as only particulate phased PAHs was analyzed in the present study, the concentration of ambient PAHs could be underestimated.     

低温高铁锰氨氮地下水生物同池净化

为实现低温(5~6℃)高铁锰氨氮[TFe 9.0~12.0 mg·L~(-1)、Fe(Ⅱ)6.5~8.0 mg·L~(-1),Mn(Ⅱ)1.9~2.1 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N 1.4~1.7 mg·L~(-1)]地下水生物同池净化,以中试模拟滤柱在某水厂进行了实验研究.结果表明,出水总铁在启动之初即能合格,出水氨氮和锰分别在72 d和75 d实现净化.工艺启动周期受培养温度和原水水质影响较大.滤速越大,锰的极限去除量越低,滤速≥1.0 m·h~(-1)时,锰的极限去除量为3.0 mg·L~(-1).锰是滤速提升的限制因素,工艺极限滤速是4.5m·h~(-1).滤速≤6.0 m·h~(-1)时,氨氮的极限去除量为1.5 mg·L~(-1),且不受滤速影响,溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)不足导致工艺对更高浓度氨氮净化失败.DO充足的条件下,工艺净化所需滤层厚度随锰和氨氮浓度增加而增厚.滤速增大会导致铁锰氨氧化去除区间向滤层深处位移,发生"锰"溶出现象.进一步分析表明,铁和氨氮在滤层内可同步氧化去除;锰的高效氧化去除区间与铁和氨氮的高效氧化去除区间存在明显分级.     

汽车4S店表面涂装有机废气监测的研究

汽车4S店表面涂装有机废气排放现已成为城市重要的污染排放源之一,中国目前暂未针对该行业废气排放制定相关标准.对汽车4S店有机废气的监测情况及国外、国内地方相关标准做了简单的介绍,对表面涂装工艺和污染治理提出一些对策.对多家汽车4S店的监测情况进行了概述,建议加强汽车4S店表面涂装大气污染物排放控制和管理,改善区域大气环境质量,促进表面涂装工艺和污染治理技术的进步,尽快规范相应管理措施,才能有效控制汽车表面涂装大气污染物的排放.     

复合改良剂对Cd污染稻田早晚稻产地修复效果

选取湖南省长沙市北山镇某中重度Cd污染稻田,连续种植早晚两季水稻,研究复合改良剂(石灰石+硅藻土+硫酸铁)对稻田土壤重金属Cd的生物有效性和水稻各部位累积Cd的影响.结果表明,施用复合改良剂提高了早、晚稻土壤pH值、CEC值,降低了早稻土壤中有机质含量(OM值).Cd的TCLP提取态与交换态Cd含量分别降低了18.0%~33.0%、5.4%~57.9%,但对晚稻土壤中Cd的2种提取态含量与OM值影响不显著.施用复合改良剂显著降低早稻糙米、谷壳、茎叶、根系中的Cd含量,分别降低了29.6%~56.1%、52.1%~54.0%、18.1%~80.7%、24.4%~41.6%.早稻与晚稻之间对Cd的转运能力呈现明显差异,Cd在晚稻植株体内的转运过程更为通畅.晚稻除谷壳中的Cd含量在2 g·kg~(-1)的添加量下有所上升外,复合改良剂对水稻各部位Cd含量影响不显著(P0.05).糙米中Cd含量与土壤中TCLP可提取态含量和Cd的交换态含量存在显著正相关关系.复合改良剂有效地抑制了早稻植株对土壤中Cd的吸收,糙米中的Cd含量显著降低;晚稻期间复合改良剂随水分流失,不能持续地固化土壤中的Cd,建议在各季稻之间补加一次.     

组配改良剂对污染稻田中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn钝化效果持续性比较

为研究组配改良剂碳酸钙+海泡石(LS)对稻田土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn钝化效果的持久性,通过一次性施用0、2、4、8 g·kg-1的LS,并分别于2012年(第一季)、2013年(第二季)和2014年(第三季)连续种植水稻,在湘南某矿区附近污染稻田进行了一个3 a的大田修复试验.结果表明:1LS能显著提高三季土壤p H值,且LS对土壤p H值提高效果为:第一季第二季第三季.2LS能显著降低三季水稻土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn的交换态含量,且第三季水稻土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn的交换态含量分别降低32.6%~97.7%、8.3%~71.4%和10.9%~83.5%,但对降低三季土壤中Cu的交换态含量无显著影响;LS降低三季土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn交换态含量的效果均为:PbZnCdCu.3LS使第三季水稻糙米中Pb和Cd含量分别降低26.7%~66.7%、59.1%~80.3%,这种降低效果均随着改良剂LS添加量的增加而增大,但对糙米中Cu和Zn含量无明显影响.LS降低糙米中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量的效果为:第一季,PbCdCuZn;第二季,PbCdCuZn;第三季,CdPbZnCu.LS降低三季水稻糙米中重金属含量的整体效果为PbCdCuZn.4随着时间的延长,LS对土壤中Pb和Cd具有更稳定的钝化效果.因此,LS对治理Pb和Cd污染的土壤具有良好的持久性.     

三元土壤调理剂对田间水稻镉砷累积转运的影响

通过镉砷复合污染稻田的土壤调理剂原位治理,研究了三元土壤调理剂QFJ（羟基磷灰石+沸石+改性秸秆炭）对稻田土壤基本理化性质和水稻各部位镉砷累积转运的影响.结果表明,在土壤Cd总量3.58 mg·kg^-1,As总量124.79 mg·kg^-1污染程度下,施用QFJ后,水稻根际土壤pH值、阳离子交换量及有机质含量有增大的趋势;土壤交换态Cd和As含量可分别从0.37 mg·kg^-1、0.07 mg·kg^-1下降到0.12 mg·kg^-1、0.04 mg·kg^-1.QFJ的施用,可有效降低水稻各部位中Cd和As含量,在9.00 t·hm^-2施用量水平,可将糙米中Cd含量从0.46 mg·kg^-1下降到0.18 mg·kg^-1,无机As含量从0.25 mg·kg^-1降低到0.16 mg·kg^-1,同时低于国家食品污染物限量标准0.2 mg·kg^-1的要求,实现水稻安全生产.施用QFJ减少了水稻根系对Cd和As的富集,降低了水稻植株将Cd从地下部转运到地上部的能力,降低了根系转运Cd的能力以及茎叶、谷壳转运As的能力.