Practical environmental monitoring of major construction projects

Independent teams undertook environmental monitoring of particular concentrations of major construction projects forming part of Hong Kong’s U.S. $20 billion airport infrastructure programme located in dense urban areas. The team combination of environmental specialists with experienced civil engineers enabled pragmatic mitigation measures to be developed and accepted by the construction personnel with the result that potentially significant adverse impacts were averted. The authors discuss the mechanism and success of this innovative approach.     

赤峰地区的尾波Q值研究

本文根据安艺的尾波理论,使用赤峰台单台记录的地方震、近震尾波资料,通过数值计算,测定了赤峰地区(41°～44°N,117°～121°E)地壳介质的品质因数。结果表明,在赤峰市南部地区介质Q值分布呈西高东低的态势,而北部地区介质状态差异很大,个别局部区域存在Q值异常区。最后对本方法求得的Q值所涉及的范围及Q值与深度和频率的关系作了简单分析和讨论。     

Chance-constrained programming (CCP)abatement of SO_2 emission for acid deposition control in Liuzhou City

A deterministic linear programming model which optimizes the abatement of each SO2 emission source, is extended into a CCP form by introducing equations of probabilistic constrained through the incorporation of uncertainty in the source-receptor-specific transfer coefficients. Based on the calculation of SO2 and sulfate average residence time for Liuzhou City, a sulfur deposition model has been developed and the distribution of transfer coefficients have been found to be approximately log-normal. Sulfur removal minimization of the model shows that the abatement of emission sources in the city is more effective, while control cost optimization provides the lowest cost programmes for source abatement at each allowable deposition limit under varied environmental risk levels. Finally a practicable programme is recommended.     

人工湿地基质除磷影响因素研究进展

基质除磷被认为是人工湿地中磷去除的主要方式。人工湿地基质除磷不仅受其自身化学特性的影响,还受到废水磷负荷、水力条件、运行方式、温度、溶解氧、pH、竞争性离子等的影响,结合国内外的最新研究进展较全面地论述了上述因素对基质除磷效果的影响。最后对吸附饱和基质的去向进行了一定的探讨。     

煤矿矿井水除铁技术

本文从煤矿矿井水中铁的来发布和存在形式入手，剖析了接触氧化过滤除铁的机理，从曝气充氧方式，滤料选择，反冲洗条件及其参数确定等方面介绍含铁矿井水接触氧化除铁的技术关键，并结合工程实际证明该工艺技术的可行性和可靠性。     

Hydrogen storage and distribution systems

Hydrogen storage and transportation or distribution is closely linked together. Hydrogen can be distributed continuously in pipelines or batch wise by ships, trucks, railway or airplanes. All batch transportation requires a storage system but also pipelines can be used as pressure storage system. Hydrogen exhibits the highest heating value per weight of all chemical fuels. Furthermore, hydrogen is regenerative and environment friendly. There are two reasons why hydrogen is not the major fuel of toady’s energy consumption: First of all, hydrogen is just an energy carrier. And, although it is the most abundant element in the universe, it has to be produced, since on earth it only occurs in the form of water. This implies that we have to pay for this energy, which results in a difficult economic task, because since the industrialization we are used to consuming energy for free. The second difficulty with hydrogen as an energy carrier is the low critical temperature of 33 K, i.e. hydrogen is a gas at room temperature. For mobile and in many cases also for stationary applications the volumetric and gravimetric density of hydrogen in a storage system is crucial. Hydrogen can be stored by six different methods and phenomena: high pressure gas cylinders (up to 800 bar), liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 21 K), adsorbed hydrogen on materials with a large specific surface area (at T < 100 K), absorbed on interstitial sites in a host metal (at ambient pressure and temperature), chemically bond in covalent and ionic compounds (at ambient pressure), oxidation of reactive metals e.g. Li, Na, Mg, Al, Zn with water. These metals easily react with water to the corresponding hydroxide and liberate the hydrogen from the water. Finally, the metal hydroxides can be thermally reduced to the metals in a solar furnace.     

放射性核素在海水、底质及海洋生物间的转移--Ⅰ.核素进入海水后的初始状态

作者在建立的人工小生境中,研究了具有生态学意义的~(137)Cs、~(134)Cs、~(65)Zn、~(60)Co、~(59)Fe、~(54)Mn等核素在海水、底质及海洋生物间的转移规律.本文是该项研究的第一部分,研究悬浮物、底质对核素的富集和吸附,考察了核素进入海水后的初始状态.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ)on a green alga(ChloreUa pyrenoidosa)in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples(without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ)was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ)concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ)on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ)concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ)from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ)played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.     

大孔强碱阴树脂去除饮用水中微量有机物

比较了大孔强碱阴树脂和颗粒活性炭在饮用水的深度处理中对有机物的去除效果。结果表明：(1)大孔强碱阴树脂的吸附容量比颗粒活性炭的大。在pH为8时,大孔强碱阴树脂对TOC的去除率最高。pH6～8时,对TOC的去除率没有明显的区别,而颗粒活性炭在pH为2时。对TOC的去除率最高;水温低能提高2种吸附材料的吸附容量。(2)在动态实验条件下。当流速相同,大孔强碱阴树脂的穿透时间明显比颗粒活性炭的长,大孔强碱阴树脂的制水量约是吸附床的10000倍。而颗粒活性炭却只有吸附床的4000倍。在饮用水的深度处理中,大孔强碱阴树脂可作为活性炭的最佳替代品。     

多孔氧化铝层制备的研究

采用预腐蚀与交流腐蚀相结合的方法．研究了多孔氧化铝层的制备工艺．探讨了制备工艺中各步骤的作用以及影响因素。利用扫描电镜，研究了多孔氧化铝层制备工艺对铝箔微观形貌的影响。研究表明．交流腐蚀工艺对铝箔表面微观形貌的改变作用最明显。一次后处理后铝箔表面蚀孔变密．氧化膜的结构更加疏松细腻。二次后处理，调整和热处理等步骤对铝箔表面的微观形貌影响不大。