不同玉米品种对新鲜城市污泥处理效果的初步研究

寻求城市污泥安全农用的方法是当前城市污泥处理处置的重要研究课题之一.采用小区试验,研究了8个玉米品种对新鲜城市污泥处理效果.结果表明:所选择的8个玉米品种均可以在污泥上生长,大丰5品种对锌的累积量最低,04杂1品种对镉累积量最低,会单4品种对铜和铅累积量最低;玉米种植可显著降低城市污泥中的含水率,比不种玉米的对照处理(69.43%)水分去除率提高9.05%~17.50%,有利于城市污泥的干化及后续利用;各玉米品种植株中的总养分(氮+五氧化二磷+氧化钾)均高于有机肥标准(NY525—2012)的总养分要求,而重金属镉和铅的质量浓度除赛田3品种外其他品种均低于农用有机肥标准(NY525—2012)的限量值;玉米种植后城市污泥中的总养分和锌、镉、铜、铅4种重金属质量浓度变化很小.可见,利用玉米处理新鲜的城市污泥既可降低城市污泥中的水分,又可以产生一定量优质的有机肥原料,为城市污泥的资源化利用提供新思路.     

二氧化钛复合型催化剂制备及其微波辅助催化氧化甲苯性能

实验采用溶胶凝胶法和传统浸渍法制备了TiO2-分子筛复合载体及复合载体负载过渡金属与稀土元素催化剂,通过微波辅助催化氧化甲苯的性能实验考察其催化活性.结果表明,复合TiO2明显提高了载体结构的稳定性与耐温性,并使过渡金属铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)和稀土元素铈(Ce)等活性组分在催化剂表面的分散更均匀;在复合载体吸附、吸波性能与多相活性组分催化的共同作用下,Cu-Mn-Ce/TiO2-分子筛催化剂微波辅助催化氧化甲苯的完全燃烧温度仅为175℃,此时甲苯去除率可达99％;15 h的连续性实验表明,TiO2复合型催化剂具有良好的催化活性与稳定性.由催化剂表征分析结果可知,活性组分颗粒的均匀分布与铜、锰氧化物及铜锰尖晶石固溶物等活性相的存在促进了甲苯的催化氧化,锐钛矿型TiO2较高的电子迁移速率与催化剂孔径的增大均有助于甲苯的氧化降解.     

土壤及土壤矿物对类胡敏酸的吸附解吸及其影响因素研究

应用平衡吸附法,研究了不同pH值、离子强度、类胡敏酸浓度和接触时间条件下,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对类胡敏酸(HLA)的吸附作用.结果表明:随着HLA浓度的增加,土壤及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量增加.黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附等温线均为L型,其吸附不可逆性表现为白浆土＞蒙脱石＞黑土.通过Langmiur方程计算,蒙脱石、白浆土对HLA达到吸附平衡时的最大吸附量分别为764.7、790.3 mg·g-1,而黑土为35.27 mg·g-1.Freundlich方程可以很好地描述白浆土、蒙脱石对HLA的吸附和解吸等温线,而Temkin方程可以很好地描述黑土对HLA的吸附和解吸等温线.同时,3种材料的吸附自由能△G°＜0,吸附热Qm ＞0,表明其对HLA的吸附是自发的、放热的过程.随着pH的升高,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量减少;随离子强度的增加,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量增大.黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附动力学过程划分为快反应和慢反应阶段,其中,蒙脱石、白浆土对HLA的吸附动力学过程用一级动力学方程拟合的效果最好,而对黑土而言,用Elovich方程描述更合适.     

三峡库区大宁河枯水期藻细胞的时空分布

本研究旨在为三峡库区大宁河藻华预警提供基础数据,于2011年4～9月期间在大宁河流域选择4个取样点开展藻细胞时空变化研究.藻细胞在时间序列表现为:4～9月,藻种主要以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主,藻密度呈逐步递增趋势;在此期间4个取样点的蓝藻比重均逐步增大,硅藻比重逐步降低,绿藻比重变化不显著.藻细胞在空间分布上表现为:藻密度与水温和叶绿素呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.97和0.95,与光照、溶解氧、pH值和可溶性磷盐呈显著相关,相关系数分别为0.87、0.83、0.82、0.82;菜子坝在整个试验期间0 m处藻密度比其他水层的藻密度高,白水河在6月和7月的2.0 m处藻密度最高,双龙在7、8和9月的0 m和2.0 m处藻密度较高,大昌在整个试验期间,藻密度变化不大;不同藻细胞在垂向水层中的比重也随时间的变化而改变,可能是不同藻细胞适合不同生态环境所致.     

Factors influencing the contents of metals and As in soils around the watershed of Guanting Reservoir, China

Topsoil samples from 61 sites around the Guanting Reservoir,China,were measured for Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As concentrations.The mean concentrations of Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As were 16.8,59.4,37.8,18.3,0.32,20.1 and 8.67 mg/kg dry weight,respectively.Factors that influence the dynamics of these metals in soils around the watersheds of Beijing reservoirs were examined.The influence of atmospheric deposition,land use,soil texture,soil type and soil chemical parameters on metal contents in soils was investigated.Atmospheric deposition,land use and soil texture were the important factors affecting heavy metal residues.Soil type and soil chemical parameters were also involved in heavy metal retention in soils.The data provided in this study are considered crucial for reservoir remediation,especially since the Guanting Reservoir will serve as one of the main drinking water sources for Beijing in the foreseeable future.     

Sulfur-containing amino acid methionine as the precursor of volatile organic sulfur compounds in algea-induced black bloom

After the application of methionine, a progressive and significant increase occurred in five volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs): methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and dimethyl tetrasulfide (DMTeS). Even in the untreated control without a methionine addition, methionine and its catabolites (VOSCs, mainly DMDS) were found in considerable amounts that were high enough to account for the water’s offensive odor. However, blackening only occurred in two methionine-amended treatments. The VOSCs production was observed to precede black color development, and the reaching of a peak value for total VOSCs was often followed by water blackening. The presence of glucose stimulated the degradation of methionine while postponing the occurrence of the black color and inhibiting the production of VOSCs. In addition, DMDS was found to be the most abundant species produced after the addition of methionine alone, and DMTeS appeared to be the most important compound produced after the addition of methionine+glucose. These results suggest that methionine acted as an important precursor of the VOSCs in lakes suffering from algea-induced black bloom. The existence of glucose may change the transformation pathway of methionine into VOSCs to form larger molecular weight compounds, such as DMTS and DMTeS.     

pH过程控制对铁炭微电解-Fenton影响中试研究

采用铁炭微电解-Fenton联合工艺处理制药废水生化出水,探讨了初始pH对微电解过程COD降解速率、出水中Fe2+和Fe3+变化规律以及后续Fenton氧化效果的影响,为优化联合工艺提出了微电解反应pH过程控制的理论。采用pH过程控制时,微电解对COD降解速率大大提高,降解过程基本符合零级反应动力学,同时可大大提高Fe2+和Fe3+浓度及总铁析出量。试验结果表明:当初始pH=2.5,以3.0L/h连续性投加稀硫酸100 min,曝气微电解反应2 h,出水再投加1.0mL/L的H2O2进行Fenton氧化2 h,出水COD总去除率可达85.6%;采用pH过程控制可将微电解出水ρ(Fe2+)浓度从48.6 mg/L提高至149 mg/L,COD降解速率从10.9 mg/(L·h)提高至23.8 mg/(L·h)。     

Competitive sorption between 17α-ethinyl estradiol and bisphenol A/4-n-nonylphenol by soils

The sorption of 17α-ethinyl estradiol(EE2),bisphenol A(BPA),and 4-n-nonylphenol(NP) in single systems and the sorption of EE2 with different initial aqueous concentrations of BPA or NP were examined using three soils.Results showed that all sorption isotherms were nonlinear and fit the Freundlich model.The degree of nonlinearity was in the order BPA(0.537-0.686) > EE2(0.705-0.858) > NP(0.875-0.0.951) in single systems.The isotherm linearity index of EE2 sorption calculated by the Freundlich model for Loam,Silt Loam and Silt increased from 0.758,0.705 and 0.858,to 0.889,0.910 and 0.969,respectively,when BPA concentration increased from 0 to 1000 μg/L,but the effect of NP was comparably minimal.Additionally,EE2 significantly suppressed the sorption of BPA,but insignificantly suppressed that of NP.These findings can be attributed to the difference of sorption affinity of EE2,NP and BPA on the hard carbon(e.g.,black carbon) of soil organic matter that dominated the sorption in the low equilibrium aqueous concentration range of endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs).Competitive sorption among EDCs presents new challenges for predicting the transport and fate of EDCs under the influence of co-solutes.     

Iron and lead ion adsorption by microbial flocculants in synthetic wastewater and their related carbonate formation

Although microbial treatments of heavy metal ions in wastewater have been studied, the removal of these metals through incorporation into carbonate minerals has rarely been reported. To investigate the removal of Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋, two representative metals in wastewater, through the precipitation of carbonate minerals by a microbial flocculant （MBF） produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus. MBF was added to synthetic wastewater containing different Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋ concentrations, and the extent of flocculation was analyzed. CO2 was bubbled into the mixture of MBF and Fe^3＋/Pb^2＋ to initiate the reaction. The solid substrates were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the removal efficiency decreased and the MBF adsorption capacity for metals increased with increasing heavy metal concentration. In the system containing MBF, metals （Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋）, and CO2, the concentrated metals adsorbed onto the MBF combined with the dissolved CO2, resulting in oversaturation of metal carbonate minerals to form iron carbonate and lead carbonates. These results may be used in designing a method in which microbes can be utilized to combine CO2 with wastewater heavy metals to form carbonates, with the aim of mitigating environmental problems.     

Interface-mediated synthesis of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles with sulfate-reducing bacterium culture

We have created a new method of ZnS nanospheres synthesis. By interface-mediated precipitation method (IMPM), monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles was synthesized on the particle surface of sulfate-reducing bacterium nutritious agar culture. Sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) was used as a sulfide producer because of its dissimilatory sulfate reduction capability, meanwhile produced a variety of amino acids acting as templates for nanomaterials synthesis. Then zinc acetate was dispersed into nutritious agar plate. Subsequently agar plate was broken into particles bearing much external surface, which successfully mediated the synthesis of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles. The morphology of monodisperse ZnS nanospheres and SRB were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the microstructure was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermostability of ZnS nanoparticles was determined by thermo gravimetric-differential thermo gravimetric (TG-DTG). The maximum absorption wavelengh was analysed with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer within a range of 199–700 nm. As a result, monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles were successfully synthesized, with an average diameter of 80 nm. Maximum absorption wavelengh was 228 nm, and heat decomposed temperature of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles was 596°C.