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141.
Pilot study on road traffic emissions (PAHs,heavy metals) measured by using mosses in a tunnel experiment in Vienna,Austria 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Zechmeister HG Dullinger S Hohenwallner D Riss A Hanus-Illnar A Scharf S 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(6):398-405
BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Over the last few years there has been extensive research for new indicators providing information about deposition resulting from road traffic and tunnel experiments received special attention in emission research. Mosses have been used for the estimation of atmospheric heavy metal and PAH depositions for more than three decades, although they were used only a few times for estimating ambient air pollution caused by traffic. In the current study, the suitability of using a moss species for monitoring road traffic emissions inside a tunnel was evaluated. This was a first-time ever attempt to use plants (mosses) as bioindicators in a tunnel experiment. Specifically, two relevant questions were examined: 1) Do mosses accumulate toxic substances derived from road traffic emissions under the extremely adverse conditions which can be found in a tunnel, and 2) Which substances can mainly be attributed to road traffic emissions and therefore be taken as efficient and reliable indicators for motor vehicles? METHODS: For the first time a biomonitor (the moss species Hylocomium splendens (Hedwig) B.S.G.) was used in a road tunnel experiment to analyse emissions from road traffic. Moss samples were exposed for four weeks in wooden frames (size 10 cm x 10 cm), covered by a thin plastic net with a mesh size of 1 cm x 1 cm. 17 elements, mainly heavy metals, and the 16 EPA-PAHs together with coronene were analysed by ICP-AES, AAS and GC-MSD. RESULTS: Enrichment factors, calculated by comparing post-experiment concentrations to those of a background site, were high for most PAHs, especially benzo(g,h,i)perylene (150.7), coronene (134.7), benzo(a)anthracene (125.0), indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (79.8), chrysene (78.1), pyrene (69.6) and benzo(b)-fluoranthene (67.4), and among the other elements for Sb (73.1), Mo (59.6), Cr (33.9), As (24.1), Cu (19.6), and Zn (17.1). All these substances can thus be taken as indicators for road traffic pollution. Concentrations were also significantly higher in the tunnel mosses for all investigated substances than along busy roads outside tunnels. Cluster analysis revealed groups of substances which could sensibly be attributed to various sources (abrasion processes, Diesel combustion) and enrichment in the various particle size classes. DISCUSSION: The extreme high concentrations in the analysed moss samples from inside the tunnel were due to higher concentrations in the ambient tunnel air, and the fact that already deposited chemical substances are not lost by rain, as well as efficient uptake capacities even under the extremely adverse conditions in a tunnel. In accordance with previous studies our results suggest that PAHs are better indicators for emissions from the burning process than heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: As in open fields, mosses are suitable indicators for monitoring traffic emissions in tunnels. In addition to biomonitoring in open fields, in tunnel experiments mosses are even better indicators, because the confounding effects of other sources of pollution and the 'noise' in the accumulation process (e.g. washout through wet deposition) are minimised. The results of our study demonstrate the usefulness of mosses for surveying heavy metals and PAH emissions and deposition arising from road traffic sources, even under the extremely adverse conditions of the tunnel environment. RECOMMENDATION: It can be considered that biomonitors like mosses are a suitable alternative to technical particle filters inside tunnels. They are easy to handle, low in costs and valuable information regarding traffic emissions can be obtained. PERSPECTIVE: The results of this pilot-study proved the feasibility of the method, however, should be corroborated by further investigations based on a sample set that allows for generalization of the findings and might even include other moss species. A comparison of technical measurements with the biomonitoring method could lead to a more general acceptance of the results. 相似文献
142.
Bernd Nowack Nicole C Mueller Harald F Krug Peter Wick 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2014,26(1):1-10
Major accident regulations aim at protecting the population and the environment from possible accidental releases of chemicals. To achieve this goal, the regulations need to be reassessed in light of the development of new technologies. A currently rapidly growing new technology is nanotechnology, and engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are already produced and used in commercial products. The aim of this work was therefore to evaluate the current knowledge on human and ecotoxicology of ENM and their release and behavior in the environment in the context of major accident prevention. Nano-specific release paths are not to be expected. The established safety standards in the chemical industry are also applicable to ENM, especially the separate storage of flammable solvents and detention reservoirs. The potential of a release to the environment of ENM in powder form is larger than for suspensions; however, it can be minimized by safety measures established for conventional dusts. The considered human toxicology studies show that to date not conclusive enough answers regarding the toxicity of ENM can be made. The effects are dependent not only on the material itself but more on the functionalization, surface reactivity, size, and form. The acute ecotoxicity of ENM seems to be similar to the one of the corresponding microparticles (TiO2) or the respective dissolved ions (Ag, Zn) with the exception of photocatalytically active nano-TiO2, which has an increased toxicity. In order to guarantee that all ENM are included in the existing major accident regulations, different classification options are possible and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed. An important step will be the compulsory inclusion of nano-specific data in the Material Safety Data Sheets that serve as the basic medium to transfer information from the manufacturer to downstream users and authorities. We also call for a regular monitoring of the production and uses for ‘high production volume ENM’ that could have the largest implications for major accident regulations. 相似文献
143.
144.
Analyses of platinum group elements in mosses as indicators of road traffic emissions in Austria 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Harald G. Zechmeister Harald Hagendorfer Daniela Hohenwallner Andrea Hanus-Illnar Alarich Riss 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2006,40(40):7720-7732
The concentrations of platinum group elements (PGE; platinum, palladium, rhodium) and 17 other elements in mosses growing at 32 sampling sites along 12 roads in Austria were analysed. The study included passive monitoring of naturally growing mosses with an experimental design using mosses samples exposed in a tunnel experiment. PGEs (Pt, Pd, Rh) were analysed by ICP-MS (ELAN DRC II, Perkin Elmer SCIEX) according to EN ISO 17294-2 Tl.29. Mean concentrations of PGEs in five moss species were: Pt 7.07±9.97, Pd 2.8±5.2 und Rh 0.6±0.8 ng g−1 dry weight. This is comparable to data derived from measurements of gasoline autocatalyst emissions or airborne particles (<10 μm). Compared to soils and road dust along highways, concentrations in mosses were lower by a factor of ten, compared to grasses they were comparable or somewhat higher. The ratios between the various PGEs were calculated as follows (mean values): Pt/Pd 7.9±10.2, Pt/Rh 12.6±8.3 and Pd/Rh 3.7±2.2. The number of light duty vehicles (<3.5 t) and the distance from the road were the main influential factors for PGE concentrations. Especially strong correlations could be found between Pt and Sb, Cu, Zn, and Cd (in decreasing order), which are all elements derived mainly from road traffic emissions. Cluster analysis (Partioning Around Medoids Method) separated elements derived mainly from soil dust (Ca, Al). An analysis of spatial deposition patterns of PGEs showed a reciprocal decrease of concentrations with increasing distance from the road, reaching background values at distances between 10 and 200 m, sometimes even more, but outside the spatial range of our investigation. 相似文献
145.
The main function of the spermatozoon is the transfer of the male haploid genome during fertilisation. In animals in general
and in fishes in particular, there is huge variation in sperm size. In fishes, sperm size ranges from 13 μm in Mugil cephlus to nearly 100 μm in the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. We examined intra-specific variation in sperm morphometry in the socially monogamous cichlid Pelvicachromis taeniatus using scanning electron microscopy. The mean total sperm length of nearly 70 μm was extraordinarily large for cichlids. Furthermore,
within-male variation was remarkably high. To our knowledge, P. taeniatus produces the longest cichlid sperm ever documented. Several hypotheses concerning the adaptive significance of these results
are presented. 相似文献
146.
147.
148.
Spatial Targeting of Agri-Environmental Measures: Cost-Effectiveness and Distributional Consequences
Sandra Uthes Bettina Matzdorf Klaus Müller Harald Kaechele 《Environmental management》2010,46(3):494-509
Agri-environmental measures are payments to farmers to reduce environmental risks or to preserve cultivated landscapes. These
measures are codified in European Union regulations. Poor spatial targeting is one of the major causes of low cost-effectiveness
in agri-environmental measures. Existing studies on spatial targeting focus primarily on selected individual measures; hence,
they do not allow for conclusions at the program level, where the planning and implementing of decisions on a number of different
measures has to be made. In this study, we analyzed the impacts of two spatial targeting options (targeting of erosion-reducing
measures on erosion vulnerable areas; targeting of grassland extensification on N-pollution vulnerable areas) on the cost-effectiveness
of the single measures and the entire agri-environmental program of the federal state of Brandenburg in Germany. The methodological
steps included an analysis of empirical data on land use and program participation, an expert-based environmental impact assessment
and a spatial allocation procedure based on linear programming. The environmental impact assessment delivered goal-specific
index values for each measures-land parcel combination expressing the suitability of the measures for contributing to four
regionally relevant program objectives. The cost-effectiveness of the measures and the program were calculated by putting
budgetary costs in relation to the achieved environmental index sum. The calculated cost-effectiveness of the program in 2006
was 89.6% of the simulated optimal cost-effectiveness. The spatial targeting of erosion-reducing measures on erosion vulnerable
areas caused an increase in the cost-effectiveness at the measures level and almost no changes at the program level. The spatial
targeting of grassland extensification on N-pollution vulnerable areas, despite also improving the cost-effectiveness of this
measure, had negative effects on the cost-effectiveness of the program. 相似文献
149.
Thomas Höpner Karl-Heinz van Bernem Harald Felzmann Holger Struck 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1994,1(1):38-46
In January–February 1991, about 1 million m3 of crude oil were released into the Arabian Gulf as a means of ecological warfare. A stretch of 644 km along the Saudi Arabian coast was heavily polluted over a width between a few meters and more than one kilometer. In four studies performed between March 1991 and April 1993 the state of representative areas of the affected coast was examined with the result that only minor changes were found in those oiled zones which are seldom inundated by the tides. Technical measures up to 1993 did not exceed the test level. A biological regeneration process is in progress which was not recognized as such in analyses of previous coastal oil pollution. Cyanobacterial mats, containing hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, grow on oiled sediments which are regularly reached by tidal water. Shrinking and fracturing of the stable tar crusts starts a process of loosening and degrading of aged hydrocarbons. 相似文献
150.
Hartmut Frank Harald Scholl Dirk Renschen Benoît Rether Abdelkrim Laouedj Yrjö Norokorpi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1994,1(1):4-14
Haloacetic acids are atmospheric oxidation products of airborne C2-halocarbons which are important solvents and propellants. Levels of trichloroacetate (TCA) in conifer needles from mountain
ranges in Germany (Black Forest, Erzgebirge) and from two sites in Finland are compared; TCA is present in conifer needles
at concentrations up to 0.7 μmol/kg, MCA up to 0.2 μmol/kg. At the Finnish sites, TCA-concentrations and branch degeneration
symptoms of Scots pine are correlated. Monochloroacetate (MCA) has been determined in needle samples from Southern Germany
in concentrations exceeding its phytotoxicity threshold towards photoautotrophic organisms. Data on atmospheric chloroacetate
levels in Germany are also given; ambient air levels of chloroacetic acids range from about 2 pmol/m3 (TCA) to 390 pmol/m3 (MCA). TCA and dichloroacetic acid (DCA) arise from atmospheric oxidation of airborne C2-chlorocarbons, while the source of MCA is not yet known; several tentative pathways are suggested. 相似文献