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91.
Satyendra Kumar Garg Manikant Tripathi Santosh Kumar Singh Anamika Singh 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(4):2288-2304
It is the first report in which a novel psychrotrophic Pseudomonas putida SKG-1 strain was evaluated for simultaneous bioremediation of pentachlorophenol and Cr6+ under various cultural and nutritional conditions. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) dechlorination products, bacterial structure, and functional groups were characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS), scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The strain was extremely tolerant to excessively higher individual concentration of PCP (1,400 mg l?1) and Cr6+ (4,300 mg l?1). Increasing concentration of PCP and Cr6+ exerted inhibitory effect on bacterial growth and toxicants’ removal. The strain exhibited growth, and concomitantly remediated both the pollutants simultaneously over a broad pH (7.0–9.0) and temperature (28–32 °C) range; maximum growth, PCP dechlorination (87.5 %), and Cr6+ removal (80.0 %) occurred at optimum pH 8.0 and 30 °C (from initial PCP 100 mg l?1 and Cr6+ 500 mg l?1) under shaking (150 rpm) within 72 h incubation. Optimization of agitation (125 rpm) and aeration (0.4 vvm) in bioreactor further enhanced PCP dechlorination by ~10 % and Cr6+ removal by 2 %. A direct correlation existed between growth and bioremediation of both the toxicants. Among other heavy metals, mercury exerted maximum and cobalt minimum inhibitory effect on PCP dechlorination and Cr6+ removal. Chromate reductase activity was mainly associated with the supernatant and cytosolic fraction of bacterial cells. GC–MS analysis revealed the formation of tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and 2,6-dichlorophenol as PCP dechlorination products. FTIR spectrometry indicated likely involvement of carbonyl and amide groups in Cr3+ adsorption, and SEM–EDS showed the presence of chromium on P. putida surface. Thus, our promising isolate can be ecofriendly employed for biotreatment of various industrial wastes contaminated with high PCP and Cr6+ concentrations. 相似文献
92.
Lluís Cirera Francisco Cirarda Laia Palència Marisa Estarlich Agustín Montes-Martínez Pedro Lorenzo Antonio Daponte-Codina Gonzalo López-Abente 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(1):591-596
Controversy exists as to whether working or living in the vicinity of a petroleum refinery (RF) increases the risk of haematological cancer (HC). The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register obliges petroleum refineries to notify their emissions of toxic substances which include carcinogenic substances. Our objective is to determine if living in the proximity of an RF is associated with a greater risk of mortality due to HC in the census tracts (CTs) of the Spanish cities of Bilbao, Cartagena, Castellón, La Coruña, Huelva, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife. This is an ecological study of mortality in the years 1996–2007 which includes 968 CTs with 1,263,371 inhabitants. Exposure has been measured as the distance from the centroid of each CT to the RF. The Besag–York–Mollié autoregressive spatial model has been fitted by R-INLA to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95 % credible intervals (95 % CrI) for distance in quintiles. The most distant quintile has been taken as the reference. A total of 2,574 persons died of HC. The distances from the CTs to RFs ranged from 0.5 to 22.5 km (median?=?7.6 km). All of the RRs for the quintiles of distances in Huelva were greater than 1. Statistically significant excess risk was shown in Cartagena in the nearest CT (1.8 to 6.8 km; RR?=?1.43, 95 % CrI 1.02 to 2.02). Radial effects have not been detected between the CT of residence and the petroleum RF in mortality due to HC in any of the cities. 相似文献
93.
Pratibha Sharma Manish Kumar N. Mathur A. Singh P. Bhatnagar M. Sogani 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(8):5160-5167
Health care waste includes all the waste generated by health care establishments, research facilities, and laboratories. This constitutes a variety of chemical substances, such as pharmaceuticals, radionuclides, solvents, and disinfectants. Recently, scientists and environmentalists have discovered that wastewater produced by hospitals possesses toxic properties due to various toxic chemicals and pharmaceuticals capable of causing environmental impacts and even lethal effects to organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Many of these compounds resist normal wastewater treatment and end up in surface waters. Besides aquatic organisms, humans can be exposed through drinking water produced from contaminated surface water. Indeed, some of the substances found in wastewaters are genotoxic and are suspected to be potential contributors to certain cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of wastewaters from two hospitals and three clinical diagnostic centers located in Jaipur (Rajasthan State), India using the prokaryotic Salmonella mutagenicity assay (Ames assay) and the eukaryotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae respiration inhibition assay. In the Ames assay, untreated wastewaters from both of the health care sectors resulted in significantly increased numbers of revertant colonies up to 1,000–4,050 as measured by the Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains (with and without metabolic activation) after exposure to undiluted samples, which indicated the highly genotoxic nature of these wastewaters. Furthermore, both hospital and diagnostic samples were found to be highly cytotoxic. Effective concentrations at which 20 % (EC20) and 50 % (EC50) inhibition of the respiration rate of the cells occurred ranged between ~0.00 and 0.52 % and between 0.005 and 41.30 % (calculated with the help of the MS excel software XLSTAT 2012.1.01; Addinsoft), respectively, as determined by the S. cerevisiae assay. The results indicated that hospital wastewaters contain genotoxic and cytotoxic components. In addition, diagnostic centers also represent small but significant sources of genotoxic and cytotoxic wastes. 相似文献
94.
Tanu Jindal Dileep K. Singh H. C. Agarwal 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):309-320
Abstract Dissipation, degradation and leaching of fresh 14C coumaphos, alkylated 14C coumaphos and aged residues of 14C coumaphos from vats were studied in alkaline sandy loam soil in soil columns in the field under subtropical conditions in Delhi for a year. Dissipation, degradation and bound residue formation was more in case of alkali treated coumaphos than fresh coumaphos. After 365 days total residues of fresh coumaphos accounted for 33.25% while that of alkali treated coumaphos was 19.12%. Bound residue formation was almost double in case of alkali treated coumaphos (18.95%) than fresh coumaphos (9.53%) after 150 days followed by release of bound residue in both the cases. The proportion of metabolites 4 ‐ methylumbelliferone, chlorferon and potasan collectively was 86.05% in fresh coumaphos extractable residues while the same was 91.74% in alkali treated coumaphos after 365 days. Aged residues from vats containing copper sulphate and buffer were found to be more persistent in soil as total residues remained were 95.58% in comparison with 83.09% total residues of aged residues from vats containing only buffer after 150 days of treatment. Copper sulphate seems to inhibit the degradatiion of coumaphos in soil by microorganisms. Chlorferon was the major metabolite in generally all the samples. Coumaphos did not leach below 10 cm in all the cases. 相似文献
95.
Hanwant Bir Singh L. J. Salas L. A. Cavanagh 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):332-336
Based on two comprehensive field studies conducted in California, background concentration (parts per trillion) of N2O (296.0 X 103), SF6 (0.16), CCI2F2 (180.8), CCI3F (103.8), CCI2FCCIF2 (16.3), CCI4 (114.2), CH3CI (952.9), CHCI3 (23.4), CH3I (2.4), CH3CCI3 (84.0), CCI2CCI2 (43.1), CHCICCI2 (14.5) and CH3Br (—) have been reported. These trace constituents were identified using retention data on eight GC columns, their electron attachment properties, and their EC thermal response. All but CHCICCI2 and CH3Br were measurable 100% of the time at both sites. Cryogenic procedures for SF6 ambient measurement were developed and successfully used. By an analysis of worldwide emissions of these trace constituents, their ambient levels, and their atmospheric lifetimes, it was possible to determine their origin (natural or anthropogenic). Our results indicate that 27% of organic chlorine contribution to the troposphere comes from fluorocarbons as opposed to a 73% contribution from the chloro-carbons. Further, the anthropogenic organic content in the troposphere was found to be about twice the natural content. Very high CHCI3 concentrations in onshore ocean waters were measured. Ambient data supporting the anthropogenic origin of CCI4 have been presented. 相似文献
96.
Walter F. Dabberdt Hanwant B. Singh 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):876-881
Emergency plans for oxidant controls provide the basis for taking preventive action to protect public health. Historic oxidant data (1970 to Sept. 1974) from the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB), were evaluated to assess episode characteristics in an area where emergency strategies are most likely to be enforced. These findings, together with an objective study of a test case episode (June 1974) using a photochemical air quality simulation model, suggest that the currently conceived emergency plans for oxidant control are unlikely to be effective. It is concluded that, because of the chemical and mefeorofogfcal complexities of the episodes, they are extremely difficult both to predict and concurrently to control over their short-lived duration. 相似文献
97.
The purpose of this paper was to examine trade-offs between elimination and detoxification in rainbow trout and three common bivalve molluscs (clam, oyster, and scallop) exposed to cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) based on recent reported experimental data. We incorporated metal influx threshold with subcellular partitioning to estimate rate constants of detoxification (kd) and elimination (k2). We found that the relationships between k2 and kd were negative for rainbow trout and positive for bivalve molluscs. However, the relationships between kd and % metal in metabolically detoxified pool were found positive for rainbow trout and negative for bivalve molluscs. Our results also indicated that rainbow trout had higher accumulation (∼60-90%) in metabolically active pool when exposed to essential metals of Cu and Zn and had only 10-50% accumulation in response to non-essential metal of Cd. Based on a cluster analysis, this study indicated that similarity of physiological regulations among study species was found between Cd and Zn. Our study suggested that detoxification can be predicted by an elimination-detoxification scheme with the known elimination rate constant. We concluded that quantification of trade-offs between subcellular partitioning and detoxification provides valuable insights into the ecotoxicology of aquatic organisms and enhances our understanding of the subcellular biology of trace metals. 相似文献
98.
This study presents the first systematic information on the degradation patterns of clandestine drug laboratory chemicals in soil. The persistence of five compounds - parent drugs (methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)), precursor (pseudoephedrine), and synthetic by-products N-formylmethylamphetamine and 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene) - were investigated in laboratory scale for 1 year in three different South Australian soils both under non-sterile and sterile conditions. The results of the degradation study indicated that 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene and methamphetamine persist for a long time in soil compared to MDMA and pseudoephedrine; N-formylmethylamphetamine exhibits intermediate persistence. The role of biotic versus abiotic soil processes on the degradation of target compounds was also varied significantly for different soils as well as with the progress in incubation period. The degradation of methamphetamine and 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene can be considered as predominantly biotic as no measureable changes in concentrations were recorded in the sterile soils within a 1 year period. The results of the present work will help forensic and environmental scientists to precisely determine the environmental impact of chemicals associated with clandestine drug manufacturing laboratories. 相似文献
99.
Loha KM Shakil NA Kumar J Singh MK Adak T Jain S 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2011,46(3):201-206
Controlled release formulations of β-cyfluthrin, a non-systemic, broad spectrum contact insecticide, have been prepared using laboratory synthesized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based amphiphilic copolymers. Copolymers of polyethylene glycols of different molecular weights and various dimethyl esters, viz. dimethyl isophthalate, which self assemble into nano micellar aggregates in aqueous media, have been synthesized. The kinetics of β-cyfluthrin from developed controlled release (CR) formulations were studied in comparison with that of the commercially available 025 SC. Release from the commercial formulation was faster than with the developed CR formulations. The rate of release of encapsulated β-cyfluthrin from nano micellar aggregates is reduced by increasing the molecular weight of PEG. The diffusion exponent (n value) of β-cyfluthrin in water ranged from 0.427 to 0.622 in the tested formulations. The release was diffusion controlled with a half-release time (t(?)) of 3.92 to 7.9 days in water from different formulations, and the period of optimum availability (POA) of β-cyfluthrin ranged from 1.4 to 20.5 days. The results suggest that the application rate of β-cyfluthrin can be optimized to achieve insect control at the desired level and period. 相似文献
100.
Evaluation of hexachlorocyclohexane contamination from the last lindane production plant operating in India 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Jit S Dadhwal M Kumari H Jindal S Kaur J Lata P Niharika N Lal D Garg N Gupta SK Sharma P Bala K Singh A Vijgen J Weber R Lal R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(4):586-597