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71.
Michael D. Harvey Chester C. Watson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(3):359-368
ABSTRACT: Incised channels are those in which an imbalance between sediment transport capacity and sediment supply has led to degradation of their beds. This is a frequent response to stream channelization, changes in land use, or lowering of base level. If the degradation causes a critical bank-height threshold to be exceeded, which is dependent on the geotechnical properties of the bank materials, then bank failure and channel widening follow. Interdependent adjustments of channel slope and cross-sectional area occur until a new state of dynamic equilibrium with the imposed discharge and sediment load is attained. These geomorphic adjustments can be described and quantified by using location-for-time substitution and a model of channel evolution can be formulated. Three approaches to rehabilitation of the degraded channels are possible; geomorphic, engineering and rational. The rational approach, which integrates elements of both the engineering and geomorphic approaches, is based on the channel evolution model, and it generally involves control of grade, control of discharge, or a combination of both. 相似文献
72.
Trevor Harvey 《The Environmentalist》1984,4(4):265-279
Summary Here, the author examines the management implications of a previously developed model of environmental control. A short account
of the model is given, and its implications for an integrated environmental strategy are discussed. The need for a UK, national
centre for environmental management, research, education and training is identified.
An analytical system for investigating monitoring effort derived from the model is illustrated in use, by reference to the
UK Monitoring Networks for Smoke and Sulphur Dioxide. The use of the model in providing the underlying theory for a systems
approach to environmental management is demonstrated.
The paper concludes by examining the implications of the model for education and training with special reference to technologists
and professionals. Appropriate types of environmental education for such groups are considered. A curriculum generator is
presented.
Trevor Harvey trained as a microbiologist and subsequently specialised in pollution control. He was course organiser of “Environmental
Pollution, Monitoring and Control”, an international course which was sponsored by Unesco, UNEP and WHO. This has become a
prototype for training programmes in many countries. 相似文献
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74.
The Development and Implementation of Indicators of Ecosystem Health in the Great Lakes Basin 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Shear H Stadler-Salt N Bertram P Horvatin P 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,88(1-3):119-151
This paper describes a process for the selection of a suite of ecosystem health indicators for the Great Lakes, as called for in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The paper also presents some preliminary data on status and trends in ecosystem components based on those indicators. The indicator selection process was carried out by over 150 scientists and managers from both Canada and the USA, and involved the presentation of the proposed indicators at the State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conferences (SOLECs). An open period for comment followed the conferences where input from scientists involved in Great Lakes programs was received. The suite of indicators will, over time, present information in an understandable format that will allow for more informed management decisions. 相似文献
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Psychological entitlement refers to the phenomenon in which individuals consistently believe that they deserve preferential rewards and treatment, often with little consideration of actual qualities or performance levels. This study examines the influence of psychological entitlement on workplace outcomes, using attribution theory to explain its effects. Results suggested that entitlement perceptions are positively associated with self‐serving attribution styles and that diminished need for cognition mediates this relationship. Self‐serving attribution styles, in turn, were associated with reduced job satisfaction and increased levels of conflict with supervisors. A direct positive relationship between psychological entitlement and turnover intent was also observed. Overall, results suggest that an attributional perspective is useful in explaining and understanding the influence of entitlement perceptions on workplace outcomes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
77.
Australian approaches to coastal vulnerability assessment 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
The Australian coastline is one of the longest and most diverse of any in the world, and Australian researchers have developed
preliminary models of the behaviour of major coastal systems such as beaches and reefs. The Australian population is particularly
focused along the coastline, especially in metropolitan centres; however, the population of regional centres along the coast
is increasing steadily in response to a phenomenon termed seachange. Coastal systems are increasingly threatened by potential
impacts as a result of climate change, as indicated by the successive assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). Although Australia played a central role in applying a common methodology (CM), developed from IPCC guidelines
in the 1990s, and in devising alternative approaches, which were initially trialled at nine sites on the Australian coast,
there has not been a nationally co-ordinated approach to assessing the coastal vulnerability of Australia, and such an approach
is only emerging now. Instead, there have been a series of different approaches adopted to look at the different parts of
the Australian coast, including wetland mapping in northern Australia; geomorphic unit mapping in South Australia; storm surge
vulnerability modelling in Queensland; probabilistic approaches to beach erosion in New South Wales; indicative mapping of
potential coastal retreat in Tasmania. Additionally, there have been methods proposed by insurers and coastal engineers to
meet their requirements. Since 2005, the Australian government has once again seen the need for a national coastal vulnerability
assessment, and a series of studies are planned or under way to achieve the aims of a National Climate Change Adaptation Framework. 相似文献
78.
Managing Baltic Sea fisheries under contrasting production and predation regimes: ecosystem model analyses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Based on an earlier published ecosystem model, we have explored possible effects of different management scenarios for the Baltic Sea. The scenarios include an oligotrophication of the system, a drastic increase in the number of seals, and changes in the fishery management. From these simulations we conclude that fisheries, seals, and eutrophication all have strong and interacting impacts on the ecosystem. These interactions call for integrated management. The modeling highlights the potential for conflicts among management mandates such as flourishing fisheries, rebuilt seal populations, and substantially reduced eutrophication. The results also suggest that fisheries management reference points have to be adjusted in response to changes in the presence of natural predators or ecosystem productivity. 相似文献
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80.