Maintenance-related major accidents: Classification of causes and case study

The potential for major accidents is inherent in most industries that handle or store hazardous substances, for e.g. the hydrocarbon and chemical process industries. Several major accidents have been experienced over the past three decades. Flixborough Disaster (1974), Seveso Disaster (1976), Alexander Kielland Disaster (1980), Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984), Sandoz Chemical Spill (1986), Piper Alpha Disaster (1988), Philips 66 Disaster (1989), Esso Longford Gas Explosion (1998), Texas City Refinery Explosion (2005), and most recently the Macondo Blowout (2010) are a few examples of accidents with devastating consequences.Causes are being exposed over time, but in recent years maintenance influence tends to be given less attention. However, given that some major accidents are maintenance-related, we intend to concentrate on classifying them to give a better insight into the underlying and contributing causes.High degree of technological and organizational complexity are attributes of these industries, and in order to control the risk, it is common to deploy multiple and independent safety barriers whose integrity cannot be maintained without adequate level of maintenance. However, maintenance may have a negative effect on barrier performance if the execution is incorrect, insufficient, delayed, or excessive. Maintenance can also be the triggering event.The objectives of this article are: (1) To investigate how maintenance impacts the occurrence of major accidents, and (2) To develop classification schemes for causes of maintenance-related major accidents.The paper builds primarily on model-based and empirical approaches, the latter being applied to reports on accident investigation and analysis. Based on this, the Work and Accident Process (WAP) classification scheme was proposed in the paper.     

溴离子和溴酸盐活性炭竞争吸附及溴酸盐生成影响

采用3种活性炭对水体中溴离子和溴酸盐的吸附去除规律进行了考察.结果表明,单吸附条件下溴离子和溴酸盐的吸附去除效率分别达到69%和88%以上,双吸附质条件时溴离子去除率减少到10%.溴酸盐去除率为60%以上;有机物与溴酸盐之间存在竞争吸附关系,AC-400的孔径分布条件更适合于有机物的吸附过程.而不利于溴酸盐的吸附,在低浓度平衡溶液条件下(ce＜72 mg·L-1),AC-100对有机物的吸附能力较高,在溶液平衡浓度72mg·L-1＜ce＜211 mg·L-1条件时,AC-150对有机物的吸附能力较强,影响程度取决于活性炭比表面积和粒度分布等因素;溴酸盐的去除效率同时受到水体中氨含量和pH的影响,氨含量超过200μg/L以上溴酸盐减少量变化不显著,较低pH值溴酸盐生成量较少.     

基于决策树的矿井通风阻变型故障诊断及传感器优化布置*

为实现矿井通风阻变型故障智能诊断,解决风速传感器优化布置与诊断模型不匹配的问题,提出基于决策树的矿井通风故障位置分类判断、故障量回归预测及嵌入式风速传感器优化布置一体化方法;以唐安矿为例对上述方法进行验证。结果表明:矿井通风空间数据集无量纲化能提高故障诊断准确率、提升模型收敛速度,剪枝能提高模型泛化能力;以基尼系数为嵌入式传感器优化布置选择标准,其模型故障诊断准确率更高,当风速传感器数量为15时,故障诊断准确率为84.5%,继续增加风速传感器数量故障诊断准确率提升较小。人工智能诊断技术的应用具有较大的经济和社会效益,是智慧矿山的重要研究方向之一。     

水刺工艺对PPS滤料产品性能的影响

水刺法相对于针刺法除尘滤料具有多方面的优势,具有更高的过滤效率和较低的排放浓度,可满足更加严格的环境空气质量标准。通过使用PPS纤维预先制成的预针刺毡作为样品,利用不同的水刺工艺进行试验,对其常规性能（厚度、透气量、断裂强度、表面效果）做对比分析,讨论了不同水刺工艺参数设置对水刺PPS滤料产品性能的影响,得出相关结论,有助于实际高压水刺滤料生产中工艺参数的选择。