Alkali resistance promotion of Ce-doped vanadium-titanic-based NH3-SCR catalysts

The effect of K deactivation on V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NOxby NH_3 was studied.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed significantly higher resistance to K deactivation than V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 with K/V = 4(molar ratio) showed 90% NOxconversion at 350°C,whereas in this case V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed no activity.The fresh and K-poisoned V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts were investigated by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS),NH_3-temperature progress decomposition(NH_3-TPD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature program reduction(H_2-TPR).The effect of Ce doping on the improving resistance to K of V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 were discussed.     

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.     

Energy-saving benefits from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: perspectives based on real-world measurements

Promoting plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) is one important option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants for road transportation sector. In 2015, more than 220,000 new PHEVs were registered across the world, indicating a 25-fold growth during 2011–2015. However, more criticizes have been put forward against the current energy efficiency regulations for vehicles that are mostly depended on laboratory measurements. To better understand the real-world energy-saving and emission mitigation benefits from PHEVs, we conducted on-road testing experiments under various operating conditions for two in-use PHEVs in Beijing, China. Our results indicate that air condition usage, congested traffic conditions, and higher loading mass could significantly increase energy consumption and shorten actual all-electric distance for PHEVs. For example, the worst case (14.1 km) would occur under harshest usage conditions, which is lower by at least 35% than the claimed range over 20 km. In charge sustaining (CS) mode, real-world fuel consumption also presents a large range from 3.5 L/100 km to 6.3 L/100 km because of varying usage conditions. Furthermore, various vehicle users have significantly different travel profiles, which would lead to large heterogeneity of emission mitigation benefits among individual PHEV adopters. Therefore, this study suggests that the global policy makers should use real-world energy efficiency of emerging electrified powertrain techniques as criteria to formulate relevant regulations and supportive policies.     

炼化企业防恐脆弱性评估指标体系构建及评估方法探讨

脆弱性评估是企业防恐风险评估的关键环节。结合炼化企业装置设施特征,建立了以易损性、敏感性、承灾能力以及应急能力等4项一级指标、17项二级指标的防恐脆弱性评估指标体系,采用模糊层次分析法进行了防恐脆弱性半定量化评估,并根据评估结果提出了某炼化企业关键资产的安保策略改进方向。     

化工物料包装过程静电危害分析

高绝缘化工物料在包装过程中极易带电,以聚酯切片包装为研究对象,对聚酯切片在输送、包装过程物料静电起电机理进行了分析,并对聚酯切片输送包装过程中的包装袋表面电位及物料荷质比进行现场检测,探讨了聚酯切片打包过程中静电危害及预防措施。     

河南省冬季3次重污染过程的数值模拟及输送特征分析

利用WRF-Chem模式模拟2015年11月27日—12月1日、12月5—14日、12月19—25日河南3次重污染过程,结合空气污染资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料,对比分析了这3次重污染过程的开始、持续和结束及污染物的输送特征.结果表明,静稳天气有利于污染的发展持续,3次重污染过程的结束均是由西路冷空气入侵造成的.第1次重污染过程平均风场上的风速均为小风或静风,从湖北到河南南部风向为偏南风;而第2和第3次重污染过程平均风场分别以偏东和偏北风为主.第2和第3次重污染过程中均存在明显的由北向南的污染物输送过程.3次重污染过程中,河南省本地排放对本省PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率最大,而河南省周边区域对河南PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率在这3次过程中不一样,第1次重污染过程,河南南部主要受偏南风影响,湖北对河南PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率最大,为20.7%;第2和第3次重污染过程主要受偏东风影响,安徽和江苏对河南PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率最大,分别为17.7%和18.5%.3次重污染过程中,安阳的主要污染输送源均不相同,分别来自河北、江苏和安徽、本省.     

A possible in situ 3H and 3He source in Earth’s interior: an alternative explanation of origin of 3He in deep Earth

Origin of ³He in the Earth is a mystery. Lacking a production mechanism, scientists assume ³He was trapped in the Earth, when the Earth was formed. In contrast to this assumption, we have found ³He and ³H concentrations in excess of the atmospheric values in the deep waters of the volcanic Lakes Pavin (France), Laacher (Germany) and Nemrut (Turkey). This paper reports the result of finding ³H in these three volcanic lakes that appear to originate from the mantle. Because ³H has a half-life of 12.3 years, this ³H and the resulting ³He must have formed recently in the mantle and not be part of a primordial reservoir. The nuclear reactions that generate tritium might be a source of “missing” energy in the interior of the Earth.     

双酚A和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯在纸类上的吸附特性研究

采用序批式实验,考察了报纸对双酚A(BPA)和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DnBP)的吸附能力,用Freundlich、Langmuir、Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)、Flory-Huggins(F-H)、BET、Temkin 6种吸附等温线模型对实验数据进行了拟合.并选择了回归系数(R2)、均方根差(RMSE)和卡方检验(X2检验)3种非线性回归方法评价了模型拟合度.结果表明,Freundlich和Temkin吸附等温线模型能很好地描述BPA和DnBP在纸类表面的吸附,BPA和DnBP的R2均大于0.95(P<0.01),RMSE和X2分别小于0.05和0.02;吸附能力与吸附质的疏水性呈正相关.由D-R和F-H吸附等温线模型拟合结果可知,BPA和DnBP的吸附平均自由能分别为1.484和1.609 kJ/mol;Gibbs自由能分别为-6.559和-7.021 kJ/mol.说明BPA和DnBP在纸类上的吸附为自发的物理吸附.BPA和DnBP在纸类上的Freundlich吸附常数k分别为0.147和0.502 mg(1-n)·L"·g-1,均高于文献报道的底泥等的吸附常数,说明生活垃圾填埋场中纸类会阻碍BPA和DnBP的迁移和生物可利用性.     

显色环保型融雪剂的研制

研究开发显色环保型融雪剂,添加了缓蚀剂和对植物生长有益的植物钙剂,能够减少对金属、路面、植物等的腐蚀,并根据融雪剂颜色的变化,控制融雪剂用量。试验结果表明：显色环保型融雪剂使用量在20 g以下时,融冰量随着融冰时间的增加而增加,融冰量在融冰时间80分钟左右达到最大值,80分钟以后融冰量随着融冰时间的增加而减少,最佳融冰比为1：5（1份融雪剂：5份冰）。三种融雪剂的融冰效果为：自制融雪剂〉市售融雪剂〉氯化钠,且自制融雪剂对金属的腐蚀性小,对植物的生长基本没有影响。     

Effect of wastewater composition on the calcium carbonate precipitation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors

Calcium carbonate often precipitates in anaerobic reactors treating wastewater with high calcium content. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of wastewater composition on calcium carbonate precipitation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. Two laboratory-scale UASB reactors were operated with calcium-containing influents using acetate and carbohydrate as substrate, respectively. There was an obvious accumulation of inorganic precipitate observed in the biogranules. Observations via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the acclimated biogranules in the two reactors differed in microstructure. Calcium carbonate was found to have precipitated on the surface of acetate-degrading biogranules, but precipitated at the core of the carbohydrate-degrading biogranules. The results indicated that substrates had significant influence on the location of calcium carbonate precipitation in anaerobic granular sludge, which was expected due to the different methanogens distribution and pH gradient within the granular sludge degrading various substrates. Moreover, the location of calcium carbonate precipitation substantially affected the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of the granular sludge. The SMA of the acetate-degrading biogranules dropped from $ 1.96 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} $ 1.96 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} to $ 0.61 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} $ 0.61 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} after 180-d of operation in the reactor. However, the SMA of the carbohydrate-degrading biogranules was not adversely affected by calcium carbonate precipitation.