三聚氰胺对藻类的毒性效应及其机理研究

以不同质量浓度的三聚氰胺处理斜生栅藻、近头状伪蹄形藻和铜绿微囊藻,根据其叶绿素a质量浓度、丙二醛浓度和蛋白质质量浓度以及超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氧酶活性的变化.探讨三聚氰胺对藻类的毒性效及其致毒机理.结果显示.三聚氰胺对3种藻叶绿素a质量浓度的增长均具有明显的抑制作用,抑制效应随处理质量浓度的增加而增强.当处理质量浓度大于1 500mg/L时,叶绿索a质量浓度随处理时间的延长而降低;小于750 mg/L时,其叶绿素a质量浓度缓慢增加,但增加幅度低于对照组.3种藻的丙二醛浓度均随二聚氰胺处理质量浓度的增大而升高,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氧酶活性随处理质量浓度的增大而降低,蛋白质的质量浓度没有明显变化.这些生理指标的变化表明,三聚氰胺可能会引起藻细胞中保护性酶活性降低,导致细胞生物膜的脂质过氧化作用增强,藻类载色体活色素体的结构和功能受到损伤,进而影响光合作用.     

Markov reliability model research of monitoring process in digital main control room of nuclear power plant

Monitoring process is an important part in a high safety digital main control room of nuclear power plant (NPP), it is the source extracted information and found abnormal information in time. As the human factors events arisen from monitoring process recently take place more and more frequent, the authors propose a reliability Markov model to effectively decrease these abnormal events. The model mainly analyzes next monitoring object probability in terms of current information and plant state. The authors divide digital human–machine interface into two parts that are referred as logical homogeneous Markov and logical heterogeneous Markov. For the former, a series of methods of probability evaluation are proposed, such as, Markov transition probability with condition, probability distributed function with human factors, system state and alarm; for the latter, the authors propose the calculation of probability of correlation degree between last time and next time and probability calculation methods with multi-father nodes. The methods can effectively estimate the transition probability from a monitoring component to next monitoring component at time t, can effectively analyze which information is more important in next monitoring process and effectively find more useful information in time t + 1, so that the human factors events in monitoring process can greatly be decreased.     

外军皮肤防护器材化学防护性能测试与评价用标准物质研究进展

本文简迷了皮肤防护器材--化学防护服(衣)化学防护性能试验与评价用标准物质的重要性,系统地概述了外军化学防护服(衣)化学防护性能试验与评价用标准物质的研究现状,并提出了我国化学防护服(衣)防护性能试验与评价用标准物质研制过程中应注意的一些问题.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in surface soils from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau

Eighty eight surface soil samples were collected from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDXs) and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs). The measured concentrations were 51.8 ± 38.5 ng g(-1), 0.329 ± 0.818 ng g(-1), and 0.467 ± 0.741 ng g(-1) as means and standard deviations of PAHs, DDXs, and HCHs, respectively, which were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those reported for eastern China. Significant differences were also revealed among four sub-areas within QTP. PAHs detected in the samples from the remote sub-areas of T'ang-ku-la/Hoh Xil Mountains and along the Qinghai-Tibet highway in the west and northwest of QTP were 1 order of magnitude lower than those from Lhasa and east Qinghai. The differences in soil OCPs among the sub-areas were 2-7 times. Soil PAHs were significantly correlated with emission density and soil organic carbon content (SOC), while OCPs were correlated significantly with the population density and SOC. Based on the calculated backward air mass trajectories and geographical distributions of emission and population, it was revealed that PAHs and OCPs accumulated in the soils in the west and northwest QTP were primarily from long-range transport and may represent the background levels of East Asia. This part of QTP can also serve as an important receptor area for regional or even global long-range transport study. The elevated concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in Lhasa and east Qinghai were mainly from local sources, while PAHs from adjacent Lanzhou area also contributed considerably to the accumulation of PAHs in east Qinghai.     

城市高温灾害性天气影响分析与危害评估——以长春市为例

以长春市1951-2008年的气象资料为基础,分析了长春市高温灾害性天气的时空分布特征及气温变暖趋势,总结了长春市温度变化与城市人口数量、GDP及供电量之间的关系,最终建立了长春市高温灾害性天气影响及危害评估的指标体系。     

中国水泥行业通过CCUS技术的减排潜力评估

中国水泥行业面临巨大的碳达峰与碳中和压力.CO₂捕集利用与封存（CCUS）技术是能够实现化石资源低碳利用的碳减排技术.在中国水泥企业数据基础上,采用全流程CCUS系统模型（ITEAM-CCUS）评估CCUS的碳减排潜力对水泥企业碳中和非常重要.模型从源汇匹配距离、捕集率、CCUS技术和技术水平这4个方面设置了10种情景,完成了水泥行业的企业筛选、场地筛选、CCUS技术经济评估和源汇匹配,初步回答了水泥企业结合CCUS的封存场地、减排规模、成本范围和优先项目分布等关键问题.在250 km匹配距离、85%净捕集率、CO₂-EWR技术和当前技术水平情景,44%的水泥企业可以利用CO₂强化地下水开采（CO₂-EWR）技术开展碳减排,累计年碳减排量为6.25亿t,平准化成本为290~1838元·t^-1;具有全流程CO₂-EWR早期示范优势的地区为新疆、内蒙古、宁夏、河南和河北等.水泥企业开展全流程CCUS项目技术可行,可以实现大规模CO₂减排,低成本项目具有早期示范机会.研究结果可为水泥行业低碳发展和CCUS商业化部署提供定量参考.     

基于化学损耗矫正的青岛胶州市环境VOCs来源解析

臭氧已成为影响我国环境空气质量的重要污染物之一,准确解析环境臭氧及其前体物VOCs的关键源类及其贡献对于有效防控臭氧污染具有重要作用.因此,利用光化学年龄参数方法估算了青岛胶州市2021年1月1日至2月28日在线VOCs监测数据的初始浓度,矫正环境VOCs物种的光化学损耗;并利用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)模型进行了环境VOCs及其OFP来源解析研究,以期为青岛市环境臭氧污染的防控提供数据支撑.结果表明,研究期间青岛市环境ρ(TVOCs)和OFP的平均值分别为65.9μg·m^-3和176.7μg·m^-3;其中丙烷浓度(12.4μg·m^-3)和占比(18.9%)最高,而间/对-二甲苯的OFP(24.6μg·m^-3)及占比(13.9%)最高.研究期间TVOCs的初始浓度为153.1μg·m^-3,其光化学损耗率达到63.8%.烯烃是光化学损耗率(92.1%)最高的VOCs物种,其中异戊二烯的光化学损耗率达到98.6%,明显高于其它VOCs物种.基于初始浓度的来源...     

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO₂·, NO₃· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O₃ and NO₂, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O₃ and PM_2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.     

某工业城市大气颗粒物中PAHs的粒径分布及人体呼吸系统暴露评估

为研究大气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的粒径分布与富集特征,确定不同粒径颗粒物中PAHs在人体呼吸系统各器官内的沉积浓度,以准确评估其人体呼吸暴露风险,选择东北某钢铁工业城市,在采暖期和非采暖期按粒径对大气颗粒物进行分级采样,用高效液相色谱对样品中14种优控PAHs进行分析,并将大气颗粒物粒径分级采样技术与人体呼吸系统内部沉积模型结合进行呼吸暴露评估.结果表明,大气颗粒物中总PAHs浓度变化显著,采暖期(743. 9 ng·m~(-3))高于非采暖期(169. 0ng·m~(-3)),多数PAHs(86. 3%～89. 9%)与大气中粒径≤2. 06μm的细颗粒有关;中低分子量PAHs单体呈双峰型,峰值位于1. 07～2. 06μm和7. 04～9. 99μm.高分子量PAHs呈单峰分布,峰值位于1. 07～2. 06μm; 4环PAHs的含量占主导优势,为总PAHs浓度的40%;在采暖期和非采暖期分别有53. 3%和55. 3%的颗粒态PAHs沉积在人体呼吸系统的不同器官,分别采用人体呼吸系统沉积浓度和在颗粒物上的总浓度计算该地区人群颗粒态PAHs的终身致癌超额风险值(incremental lifetime cancer risk,R值),成人的R值在采暖期为1. 3×10-5和2. 9×10-5,非采暖期为3. 1×10-6和6. 0×10-6,儿童的R值在采暖期为1. 0×10-5和2. 3×10-5,非采暖期为2. 4×10-6和4. 8×10-6.结果表明,颗粒物粒径分布直接影响呼吸系统沉积浓度和致癌风险,将分级采样技术与呼吸系统沉降模型结合方法可有效避免对人体呼吸暴露量的过度评估.