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Assessing the Vulnerability of Coastal Communities to Extreme Storms: The Case of Revere,MA., USA 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
Clark George E. Moser Susanne C. Ratick Samuel J. Dow Kirstin Meyer William B. Emani Srinivas Jin Weigen Kasperson Jeanne X. Kasperson Roger E. Schwarz Harry E. 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1998,3(1):59-82
Climate change may affect the frequency, intensity, and geographic distribution of severe coastal storms. Concurrent sea-level
rise would raise the baseline of flooding during such events. Meanwhile, social vulnerability factors such as poverty and
disability hinder the ability to cope with storms and storm damage. While physical changes are likely to remain scientifically
uncertain into the foreseeable future, the ability to mitigate potential impacts from coastal flooding may be fostered by
better understanding the interplay of social and physical factors that produce human vulnerability. This study does so by
integrating the classic causal model of hazards with social, environmental, and spatial dynamics that lead to the differential
ability of people to cope with hazards. It uses Census data, factor analysis, data envelopment analysis, and floodplain maps
to understand the compound social and physical vulnerability of coastal residents in the city of Revere, MA, USA.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
George I. Solish Hugo W. Moser Laura D. Ringer Ann E. Moser Carol Tiffany Edward Schutta 《黑龙江环境通报》1985,5(1):27-34
The prenatal diagnosis of the cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger (CHRS) was made by assaying the levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in amniotic fluid cell cultures, obtained by amniocentesis at 16 1/2 weeks of pregnancy. The family-at-risk, because they had previously borne a child with CHRS, accepted these results as indications of an affected fetus, and chose to terminate the pregnancy at 20 1/2 weeks of gestation. The diagnosis was confirned by the phenotype of the aborted fetus and the presence of markedly elevated levels of VLCFAs in fetal liver homogenates. The prenatal diagnosis of CHRS, which can now readily be determined from amniotic fluid cell cultures, is an important step in genetic counselling of families-at-risk for this disease. 相似文献
16.
Two new types of passive samplers were designed and tested on semivolatile organic compounds. The first type (a spiral-rod sampler) consists of a low-density polyethylene membrane acting as a permeation film and a silicone elastomer as the receiving material; the second (a stir-bar sampler) has the same membrane material but a polydimethylsiloxane-coated stir bar acting as the collector phase and installed radially symmetrically in the sampler. The advantages of the new samplers are their simple design, low costs, and their easy processing via thermodesorption coupled with capillary gas chromatography and mass selective detection. In both samplers, the uptake of selected analytes was integrative over exposure periods of up to 384 h. The sampling rates calculated from a laboratory calibration study using the chlorinated semivolatiles hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers and polychlorinated biphenyls ranged from 88.1 ml h-1 for delta-hexachlorocyclohexane to 3443 ml h-1 for 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl. A field trial at a hazardous waste dump near Bitterfeld, Germany, for up to 21 days combined with periodical determinations of air concentrations using low-volume sampling indicated that the new samplers can in principle be used in the field, although the sampling rates derived from the field results differed considerably from the laboratory findings. Nevertheless the preliminary results suggest that the new sampler types are promising for the long-term air monitoring of semivolatiles. 相似文献
17.
Dechlorination of PCE in the presence of Fe0 enhanced by a mixed culture containing two Dehalococcoides strains 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A mixed culture capable of supplying its energy requirements by the oxidation of zero-valent iron (Fe0) and concomitant reduction of chlorinated ethenes was established. The culture contained Dehalococcoides species as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with genus specific primers. The use of a newly designed ARDRA procedure and subsequent sequencing revealed the presence of two Dehalococcoides strains, one closely related to Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195, a bacterium respiring with chlorinated ethenes, and one closely related to strain CBDB1 a chlorobenzene and dioxin dehalogenating anaerobe. The mixed culture was used to study dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) to ethene in the presence of Fe0. Whereas abiotic transformation of PCE by Fe0 led to incomplete dechlorination, the mixed culture mediated fast and complete dechlorination of PCE to ethene with Fe0 as electron donor. Compared to cultures with hydrogen added as electron donor, cultures with Fe0 as electron donor showed the same or higher rates of PCE dechlorination. Growth of the Dehalococcoides strains in the mixed culture is linked to the presence of Fe0 as electron donor and PCE as electron acceptor demonstrating that Dehalococcoides spp. play a pivotal role in the dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes in Fe0 systems. 相似文献
18.
Gerd Ulrich Balcke Heidrun Paschke Carsten Vogt Mario Schirmer 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(7):2011-2018
Chlorobenzene-contaminated groundwater was used to assess pulsed gas sparging as a minimum effort aeration strategy to enhance intrinsic natural attenuation. In contrast to existing biosparging operations, oxygen was supplied at minimum rate by reducing the gas injection frequency to 0.33 day?1. Field tests in a model aquifer were conducted in a 12 m long reactor, filled with indigenous aquifer material and continuously recharged with polluted groundwater over 3 years. The closed arrangement allowed yield balances, cost accounting as well as the investigation of spatial distributions of parameters which are sensitive to the biodegradation process. Depending on the injection frequency and on the gas chosen for injection (pure oxygen or air) oxygen-deficient conditions prevailed in the aquifer. Despite the limiting availability of dissolved oxygen in the groundwater, chlorobenzene degradation under oxygen-deficient conditions proved to be more effective than under conditions with dissolved oxygen being available in high concentrations. 相似文献
19.
de Medeiros Engelmann Pâmela dos Santos Victor Hugo Jacks Mendes Moser Letícia Isabela do Canto Bruzza Eduardo Barbieri Cristina Barazzetti Barela Pâmela Susin de Moraes Diogo Pompéu Augustin Adolpho Herbert Goudinho Flávio Soares Melo Clarissa Lovato Ketzer João Marcelo Medina Rodrigues Luiz Frederico 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(26):21398-21411
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In Brazil, landfills are commonly used as a method for the final disposal of waste that is compliant with the legislation. This technique, however,... 相似文献
20.
The present study followed the temporal recruitment pattern of brachyuran larvae in a mangrove tidal creek on the Andaman
Sea coast of Ranong Province, Thailand, based on the assumption that the processes governing recruitment are important for
the overall population dynamics of mangrove brachyuran crabs. Plankton net samples were taken on five occasions: on two new
moon spring tides, one waxing moon neap tide, one full moon spring tide and one waning moon neap tide during October and November
1997. In addition collectors for larval crab megalopae were employed every 3 days through one dry season and one wet season
(March–October 1998). Both the plankton net samples and collector samples revealed four major brachyuran groups in three families:
Ocypodidae, Grapsidae and Portunidae. The grapsid group was further separated into two morphotypes which were identified as
Metaplax and sesarmid species. Identified group mean numbers per cubic metre were ocypodids 3.0, sesarmids 0.8 and Metaplax 0.5, while portunid megalopae were very scarce (≪0.1 m−3). Further analysis of plankton net samples showed that when considering the parameters date, depth, current direction and
the diel cycle, Metaplax and ocypodids distribute differently in the tidal and lunar cycle. Metaplax recruitment dominates on flood tides and on bottom layers, followed by middle and surface layers. Conversely, ocypodid abundance
varied significantly with date only. Notably recruitment was not dependent on the diel cycle for either group. The collector
samples of megalopae showed that recruitment of ocypodids, Metaplax and sesarmids occurred on full and new moon spring tides, while portunid megalopae preferred to settle on full moon spring
tides. Since tidal currents were related to the lunar cycle megalopa groups are also cross-correlated with tidal amplitude,
except for the portunid group. It is concluded that megalopae recruit in a similar manner to what has been found in other
regions of the world, except that the abundance of ocypodids and Metaplax is not influenced by the diel cycle.
Received: 14 February 2000 / Accepted: 24 November 2000 相似文献