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21.
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.02.294
Background, Aim and Scope. To better address the requirements of the changing multilateral order, the United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO) Cleaner Production Programme, in 2004, developed the new Sustainable Industrial Resource
Management (SIRM) approach. This approach is in accordance with the principles decided at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. Unlike the traditional approaches to environmental
management, the SIRM concept captures the idea of achieving sustainable industrial development through the implementation
of circular material and energy flows in the entire production chain and reduction of the amount of material and energy used
with greater efficiency solutions. The SIRM approach seeks to develop new models to encourage a shift from selling products
to supplying services, modifying, in this manner, the supplier/user relationship and resulting in a win-win situation for
the economy and the environment. Chemical Leasing represents such a new service-oriented business model and is currently being
promoted by UNIDO′s Cleaner Production Programme.
Main Features. One of the potential approaches to address the problems related to ineffective use and over-consumption of
chemicals is the development and implementation of Chemical Leasing business models. These provide concrete solutions to the
effective management of chemicals and on the ways negative releases to the environment can be reduced. The Chemical Leasing
approach is a strategy that addresses the obligations of the changing international chemicals policy by focusing on a more
service-oriented strategy. Mexico is one of the countries that were selected for the implementation of UNIDO's demonstration
project to promote Chemical Leasing models in the country. The target sector of this project is the chemical industry, which
is expected to shift their traditional business concept towards a more service and value-added approach. This is being achieved
through the development of company specific business models that implement the above-indicated Chemical Leasing concept with
the support from the Mexican National Cleaner Production Centre (NCPC).
Results and Conclusions. The implementation of Chemical Leasing in Mexico has proven to be an efficient instrument in enhancing
sustainable chemical management and significantly reducing emissions in Mexico. Several companies from the chemical industrial
sector implement or agreed to implement chemical leasing business models. Based on the positive findings of the project,
several Mexican companies started to negotiate contents of possible Chemical Leasing contracts with suitable business partners.
The project further aimed at disseminating information on Chemical Leasing. It successfully attracted globally operating companies
in the chemicals sector to explore possibilities to implement Chemical Leasing business models in Mexico. At the international
level, the results of the UNIDO project were presented on 20TH September 2005 during a side event of the Strategic Approach
to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) Preparation Conference in Vienna.
Recommendations and Outlook. To facilitate the promotion and application of Chemical Leasing project at international level,
UNIDO is currently developing a number of tools to standardize Chemical Leasing projects. These include, among others, Chemical
leasing contract models; Chemical Leasing data base to find partners for chemical leasing; and guidelines to implement Chemical
Leasing projects and work programmes. 相似文献
22.
Combating desertification requires the involvement of many people ranging from communities who experience the effects on a
daily basis and scientists attempting to understand the biophysical and socio-economic causes and consequences of desertification,
to developers and policy makers on all levels. In many instances, however, the understanding, approaches and actions of these
different groups contradict rather than support one another. Over the period 2000 to 2002, a conference process undertaken
in southern Africa brought together communities, scientists, and development workers to test the concept that they could connect
and work together to combat desertification, given an appropriate framework. The conference was a success, and communities,
scientists and developers did exchange experience, knowledge and information. Many lessons were learned, although some pitfalls
were experienced. Time, funding, enhanced communication, and good will are the primary ingredients for ensuring that different
sectors complement one another in their efforts to combat desertification. 相似文献
23.
Robert Gifford Leila Scannell Christine Kormos Lidia Smolova Anders Biel Stefan Boncu Victor Corral Hartmut Güntherf Kazunori Hanyu Donald Hine Florian G. Kaiser Kalevi Korpela Luisa Marie Lima Angela G. Mertig Ricardo Garcia Mira Gabriel Moser Paola Passafaro José Q. Pinheiro Sunil Saini Toshihiko Sako Elena Sautkina Yannick Savina Peter Schmuck Wesley Schultz Karin Sobeck Eva-Lotta Sundblad David Uzzell 《Journal of environmental psychology》2009
The personal assessments of the current and expected future state of the environment by 3232 community respondents in 18 nations were investigated at the local, national, and global spatial levels. These assessments were compared to a ranking of each country's environmental quality by an expert panel. Temporal pessimism (“things will get worse”) was found in the assessments at all three spatial levels. Spatial optimism bias (“things are better here than there”) was found in the assessments of current environmental conditions in 15 of 18 countries, but not in the assessments of the future. All countries except one exhibited temporal pessimism, but significant differences between them were common. Evaluations of current environmental conditions also differed by country. Citizens' assessments of current conditions, and the degree of comparative optimism, were strongly correlated with the expert panel's assessments of national environmental quality. Aside from the value of understanding global trends in environmental assessments, the results have important implications for environmental policy and risk management strategies. 相似文献
24.
In the light of sustainable development requirements, environmental psychology has an increasing role to play in addressing people–environment congruity. People–environment congruity refers to the interrelation between the individual and his or her (especially: residential) environment, considering the match between individual life satisfaction and objective standards of living. Promoting human well-being requires looking beyond singular effects of environmental features and considering people's overall relationship to their environment. This leads us to look at the residential environment as the place where people–environment congruity is crucial, and to propose a framework of analyses of the conditions of congruity between objective and subjective assessment of environmental stressors in relation to the individual and social expression of well-being. The paper concludes with the implications of people–environment congruity for research and policy-making about sustainable development. 相似文献
25.
Braeckevelt M Rokadia H Imfeld G Stelzer N Paschke H Kuschk P Kästner M Richnow HH Weber S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,148(2):428-437
The degradation of monochlorobenzene (MCB) was assessed in a constructed wetland treating MCB contaminated groundwater using a detailed geochemical characterisation, stable isotope composition analysis and in situ microcosm experiments. A correlation between ferrous iron mobilisation, decreasing MCB concentration and enrichment in carbon isotope composition was visible at increasing distance from the inflow point, indicating biodegradation of MCB in the wetland. Additionally, in situ microcosm systems loaded with 13C-labelled MCB were deployed for the first time in sediments to investigate the biotransformation of MCB. Incorporation of 13C-labelled carbon derived from the MCB into bacterial fatty acids substantiated in situ degradation of MCB. The detection of 13C-labelled benzene indicated reductive dehalogenation of MCB. This integrated approach indicated the natural attenuation of the MCB in a wetland system. Further investigations are required to document and optimise the in situ biodegradation of MCB in constructed and natural wetland systems treating contaminated groundwater. 相似文献
26.
OBJECTIVES: To compare drivers who were: (1) exposed to Maryland's sobriety "Checkpoint Strikeforce" campaign; (2) not exposed but were aware of it; and (3) neither exposed nor aware of it. This six-month campaign involved periodic road-side sobriety checkpoints, in which police attempted to detect and arrest drunk drivers and a series of radio Public Service Announcements (PSAs) that promoted public awareness. METHODS: A statewide sample of 1725 drivers were interviewed by telephone to determine their exposure to and awareness of this campaign, as well as their beliefs and behaviors concerning drunk driving and seat belt usage. RESULTS: Relatively few people (9.6%) were exposed in any way to the campaign; however almost 30% were aware of it. Significant increases in perceived vulnerability to arrest for drinking and driving were found among those who were exposed. There were no differences in reported drinking and driving, but seat belt usage in the last 30 days was higher among those who were exposed. There were no differences among those people who had been directly exposed to the campaign (i.e., personally gone through a sobriety checkpoint) and those who were indirectly exposed (i.e., knew a family member or someone else who went through a checkpoint). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to a sobriety checkpoint was associated with increased perceptions of drink-driving risk (i.e., likelihood of getting caught by the police), which was not dependent upon having personally experienced it. Awareness without exposure appears to be insufficient to change perceived risk. The need to increase the reach and frequency of the sobriety "Checkpoint Strikeforce" campaign is indicated. 相似文献
27.
28.
Heidrun Moschitz Andrea Hrabalova Matthias Stolze 《Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning》2016,18(4):406-425
To better understand the potential for successful and long-term establishment of environmental policy, the aim of this paper is to explore the network dynamics of a policy field that has become well established in the EU: organic farming. We look at the dynamics of the organic farming policy network in the Czech Republic over a period of 10 years by applying a comparative formal network analysis. We focused in particular on the distribution of power between actors and how capacities of policy actors have evolved between 2004 (its year of accession to the EU) and 2014. We conclude that the organic farming policy network in the Czech Republic has been highly dynamic and has changed from one that was decidedly influenced by organic sector organizations to a network centralized around the Ministry of Agriculture. However, the organic farming organization managed to maintain its good reputation for competence in organic farming policy, which creates opportunities for the organization to remain active in the policy debate. 相似文献
29.
The effects of environmental overload and noise on helping behavior is assessed through a 2 × 3 experimental design including two levels of environmental overload and three conditions on each site: without roadworks, roadworks without noise, and noisy roadworks.Results are analysed in terms of the cognitive appraisal of the situation and the narrowing of attention. The subject's behavior when confronted with explicit and implicit helping requests shows that noise appears to be the most important component of overload, affecting both the subjects' attentiveness in implicit helping demands, as well as the refusal to engage in verbal interaction. 相似文献
30.