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51.
Jinping Cheng Yichen Yang Jing Ma Wenhua Wang Xiaojie Liu Mineshi Sakamoto Yiya Qu Wei Shi 《Environment international》2009,35(3):619-625
Polychlorinated biphenyls and methylmercury are two of the most ubiquitous environmental contaminants in Guizhou province. Rice is eaten with almost every meal and provides more calories than any single food in Guizhou province. The estimated tolerable daily intake of total mercury, MeHg, Se and PCBs from Guizhou contaminated rice by Chinese people showed that MeHg and/or PCBs exceeded the corresponding limits. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of exposure to environmental contaminated rice on neurobehavioral development and neurobiological disruptions in mice. Animals were treated from postnatal day (PND) 22 to 91. At PND 26–91 days of age, mice were tested for neurobehavioural development and neurochemical level changes. We showed that dietary exposure to environmentally contaminated rice gave rise to different changes in antioxidants. Reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and excess increased nitric oxide (NO) indicated aggravation of oxidative status after long-term dietary intake of Hg and PCBs. Neurobehavioral derangement in the central nervous system and significant delay in the Morris water maze test response on PND 91 are correlated with the increased of c-fos/c-jun expression levels in the cerebral cortex. These results suggest that MeHg neurotoxicity might be a greater hazard than that associated with PCB, but PCB may augment the neurobehavioral deficits caused by increased levels of mercury exposure. The simultaneous intake of selenium might have a protective effect on Hg accumulation in the body, and vitamin C might protect mice against the toxic effects of PCBs. However, the protective role of Se and vitamin C is very limited for multiple-agent pollution. Immediately early genes in the brain response to contaminated rice might be dependent on interaction among NO, NO synthase (NOS), SOD and reduced glutathione (GSH). We should be alert to mental health problems in human beings when any kind of Hg- and PCB-polluted food is consumed. 相似文献
52.
Seong Gu Hwang Fumio Matsumura Hiromi Sasagawa 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(1):115-123
Abstract Most modern pesticides are expensive. Application of excessive dosage rates is likely to cause undesirable biological side‐effects and is economically wasteful. Non‐uniform distribution of the spray cloud, or application at the wrong time, may result in failure to control the pest. It is the responsibility of the field operator to acquire sufficient knowledge and skill to ensure proper use of the control agents, to increase efficiency of their usage and to reduce unwanted side‐effects. To achieve this goal, he must take into consideration the various physical factors that govern field performance of pesticides. A simple relationship exists between the spray volume and emission rate used, and droplet size produced. The use of extremely low spray volumes (i.e., those less than 2.0 litre per ha) for forest insect control in Canada, as opposed to higher volumes used in agriculture, necessitates the release of fine droplets (ranging from 20 to 70 μm in diameter) to obtain adequate coverage of the target area. These droplets take a long time to sediment downwards, evaporate in‐flight, become smaller in size and/or form powdery residues, thus contributing to off‐target drift and impaired droplet adhesion to target surfaces. Physical factors such as rain washing, degradation by sunlight and erosion by wind also influence the longevity of pesticide deposits on foliage which is crucial during the critical period of pest control. Factors affecting the mode of entry into insects are related to the type of ingredients used in formulation. If a pesticide acts via crawling contact, formulations which would provide surface deposits would be more beneficial than emulsions or oil‐based mixes which tend to undergo penetration into foliar cuticle. Physical factors that affect field performance of a pesticide tank mix are related to phase separation and ‘breakdown of emulsions’ in the application equipment; ‘agglomeration and caking’ of wettable powder dispersions at the bottom of the tank; impaired flow behaviour of highly viscous formulations; and coarse atomization of high‐viscosity tank mixes leading to poor target cover. 相似文献
53.
M Kawaguchi Y Sugahara T Watanabe K Irie M Ishida D Kurokawa S Kitamura H Takata IC Handoh K Nakayama Y Murakami 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,19(7):2488-2497
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Spills of heavy oil (HO) over the oceans have been proven to have an adverse effect on marine life. It has been hypothesized that exposure of early larvae of sinking eggs to HO leads largely to normal morphology, whereas abnormal organization of the developing neural scaffold is likely to be found. HO-induced disruption of the nervous system, which controls animal behavior, may in turn cause abnormalities in the swimming behavior of hatched larvae. To clarify the toxicological effects of HO, we performed exposure experiments and morphological and behavioral analyses in pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) larvae. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Fertilized eggs of pufferfish were exposed to 50?mg/L of HO for 8?days and transferred to fresh seawater before hatching. The hatched larvae were observed for their swimming behavior, morphological appearance, and construction of muscles and nervous system. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In HO-exposed larvae, we did not detect any anomaly of body morphology. However, they showed an abnormal swimming pattern and disorganized midbrain, a higher center controlling movement. Our results suggest that HO-exposed fishes suffer developmental disorder of the brain that triggers an abnormal swimming behavior and that HO may be selectively toxic to the brain and cause physical disability throughout the life span of these fishes. 相似文献
54.
Darrin Greenstein Steven Bay Matthew Jacobe Carlita Barton Ken Sakamoto Diana Young Kerry Ritter Ken Schiff 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):2055-2065
Sediment toxicity was investigated at 222 stations in the Southern California Bight (SCB) during 2008. This represented the first time that assessment methods established by California's new Sediment Quality Objectives program were employed in a survey of this scale. The goal was to determine the extent and magnitude of sediment toxicity in the SCB, how toxicity compared among specific environments, and whether toxicity has changed over the last decade. Two toxicity tests were used: the 10-day amphipod whole sediment survival test with Eohaustorius estuarius and a 48-h embryo development test with the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed at the sediment–water interface. Less than 1 % of the area of the SCB was found to be toxic to the amphipod test. No toxicity was found in offshore stations, but 14 % of embayment areas were toxic to the amphipods. The mussel test identified 13 % of the embayment areas to be toxic. Estuary and marina locations had the greatest areal extent of toxicity for both tests. The two toxicity methods agreed that sediments were not toxic at over half of the stations tested. The mussel test showed a greater magnitude of response than the amphipod. Sediment toxicity was shown to have declined in both extent and magnitude from levels measured in 1998 and 2003. 相似文献
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57.
Hanazato T Iwakuma T Yasuno M Sakamoto M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1989,59(4):305-314
An organophosphorus insecticide, temephos, was applied to large-volume (105 m3) enclosures set up in a shallow eutrophic lake. Application of the chemical at a target concentration of 500 microg litre(-1) eliminated almost all zooplankters. No recovery of cladocerans was evident at the termination of the experiment (47th day after the treatment). Copepods showed a slight recovery after having been absent for 26 days in one enclosure and 40 days in another. The residual chemical remaining in the water until the final day may have suppressed the recovery of the crustacean zooplankters. The rotifer community was reconstructed 16-20 days after the treatment. However, the species composition of this community differed from that of the rotifer community in the control enclosures. Rotifer species might therefore show differences in susceptibility to temephos. 相似文献
58.
The decrease of trichlorophenol by injecting oxidation catalyst into a municipal solid waste incinerator was monitored in real time. Direct sampling atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)/ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) was used for the real-time monitoring. The oxidation catalyst was iron oxide type, which exponentially reduced trichlorophenol emission. CO emission, however, did not show any correlation with the catalyst injection rate. Simultaneous analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) suggested that real-time monitoring of trichlorophenol as a surrogate of PCDDs/PCDFs, has a potential to timely control the optimum injection rate of PCDD/PCDF suppression catalyst continuously and economically. 相似文献
59.
Kazuhiko Sakamoto Hisae Takada Kazuhiko Sekiguchi 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2004,38(40):6961
To evaluate the influences of O3, relative humidity (RH), and flow rate on the reaction between yellow sand and SO2, the SO2 deposition velocity and the oxidation state of sulfur were investigated by means of exposure experiments in a cylindrical flow reactor. Early in the reaction, the deposition velocity was not influenced by the RH or the presence of O3; as the reaction progressed, however, the deposition velocity increased in the presence of O3 and at high humidity. The oxidation of sulfur from S(IV) to S(VI) was also enhanced under these conditions. The amount of sulfur oxidation was positively correlated with the amount of deposited O3. Furthermore, the SO2 deposition velocity increased with increasing flow rate. However, changes in the flow rate had no noticeable effect on the amount of SO2 oxidation. 相似文献
60.
Changes in the phosphorus components of the particulate matter in seawater were studied in the eutrophicated waters of Mikawa Bay, Japan, during summer 1981. The contents of particulate phosphorus and hot-water extractable intracellular phosphorus displayed remarkable changes associated with phytoplankton blooms caused by wind-induced or upwelling-associated nutrient enrichment from the bottom water layers. Nanoplankton <10 m accounted for much of the particulate phosphorus (70 to 79% in June and July, and 44 to 78% in August and September); the contribution of large-sized phytoplankton >25 m varied from 9 to 49%, the peak values being attained under red-tide conditions. The capacity for phosphorus storage in cells was low in nanoplankton cells, high in large phytoplankton species. Differences in rates of phosphorus storage and growth between nanoplankton and large phytoplankton accounted for fluctuations in particulate phosphorus which were closely associated with fluctuations in phytoplankton blooms in Mikaw Bay. 相似文献