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201.
The shedding of gametes of Botryllus primigenus Oka occurs in the natural environment early in the morning, about 1 h after dawn. The shedding of the sperm from a testis is completed within a few seconds. All the spermatozoa in a testis are released at once. Ovulation begins about 10 min after shedding of sperm and is completed in about 1 min. In general, combinative testes, i.e., testes accompanied by egg follicles, macure first, followed by egg follicles, solitary testes located on the left side of the zooid, and finally those on the right side, in that order. As a result, a population of zooids of the same generation in a colony sheds sperm on 2 or 3 successive days. Illumination preceded by darkness effectively induces shedding of gametes experimentally. The required minimum dark-adaptation period is 40 min; the required minimum illumination period is dependent on light-intensity, 8, 4 and 1 min being required at 70, 200 and 3,000 lux, respectively; the latent period is temperature-dependent, 100 to 130, 70 to 90 and 50 to 60 min being required at 21o, 26o and 27.5°C, respectively. An experiment in which only part of the colony was illuminated clearly indicated that each zooid responds to light-stimulus independently.Contribution No. 306 from the Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan. 相似文献
202.
The acute toxicity of arsenobetaine was studied in male mice. No deaths were observed with oral administration of 10 g/kg of arsenobetaine. Therefore the LD50 value was higher than 10 g/kg. This compound was found in urine in the non-metabolized form. No particular toxic symptoms were observed following administration. These results suggest that arsenobetaine has low toxicity and is not metabolized in mice. 相似文献
203.
The flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A and its metabolite found in river and marine sediments in Japan 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP), used as a flame retardant, was detected in river sediments collected in Osaka, Japan, at a concentration range from 22 to 140 μg/kg (ppb), as determined on a dry weight basis. TBBP was also found in marine sediments collected at Osaka Bay, though the TBBP levels of these samples were much lower than those from river sediments. Dimethyl ether derivative of TBBP (TBBP-DM), thought to be a decomposition product from microbial methylation, was found in the river sediments but in none of the marine sediments. TBBP-DM residues were about one-hundredth of the TBBP levels. 相似文献
204.
Masanao Nagamori Youichi Watanabe Takahito Hase Yasundo Kurata Yusaku Ono Kiyoshi Kawamura 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(1):90-98
To facilitate field surveys for identifying areas of incineration residue-derived soil contamination, a simple and convenient
method with a soil electrical conductivity meter was examined. First, the leaching test specified by Notification No. 13 of
the Ministry of the Environment, 1973, was conducted on 506 samples of 11 types of wastes and compost, and the relationship
between the concentrations of toxic elements [total Hg (T-Hg), Cd, Pb, Cr6+, and As] and values of electrical conductivity (EC) was examined. The results showed that bottom ash and fly ash were wastes
with high EC values and that these wastes indicated higher levels of toxic elements. Second, an estimation method for the
soil EC value of contaminated soil (ECc) was proposed based on the EC values of noncontaminated soil, and its usefulness was
examined. The results of field surveys conducted at sites whose soils were suspected of contamination by dioxins and other
pollutants derived from incineration residues showed that the contaminated spots and areas were identified by using ECc values.
Moreover, comparison of the elemental contents of soils in terms of Cr, Ni, Zn, Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and others, in addition
to the above-mentioned toxic elements (excluding Cr6+), with those of the potential sources of pollution was verified to be effective for identifying the source of soil contamination. 相似文献
205.
A. Ushiyama H. Masuda S. Hirota K. Wake H. Kawai S. Watanabe M. Taki C. Ohkubo 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(4):489-492
Concerns on health effects of radiofrequency (RF) signals have been discussed. Particularly, the effect on the central nerve
system is one of main interest among the general public. So far, there are lots of studies regarding the RF effect on the
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB), but no study of the RF effect on the Blood Cerebrospinal fluid Barrier (BCB). In this study we
explored the effect on BCB function by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure. To attain this purpose, we
set about to make a real-time measuring system for BCB function using a micro-perfusion method and examined the short time
exposure experiment using rats. Our data suggested the 30 min single exposure of 1.5 GHz RF-EMF at the brain average SARs
of 9.5 W/kg for adult and 10.4 W/kg for juvenile, did not affect BCB function in rats under the experimental conditions. 相似文献
206.
Kenji Karino Takatsugu Ishiwatari Hiromi Kudo Aya Sato 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(6):1305-1315
Female mate preference for dorsal fin length in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) was investigated. In a dichotomous choice experiment using live males, females preferred males with longer dorsal fins to
those with shorter dorsal fins. When the dorsal fin lengths of the two males were reversed by surgical manipulation, the females
reversed their preference. To further examine this preference behaviour, a second dichotomous choice experiment was conducted
using digitally modified male images that differed only in dorsal fin lengths. In this next experiment, females preferred
male images with a longer dorsal fin than those with a shorter dorsal fin. In order to clarify the cost of possessing a long
dorsal fin for males, the effect of dorsal fin length on swimming performance of males was also examined with a flow chamber.
Male swimming performance was enhanced by surgically shortening the dorsal fin. The result of this study suggests that the
long dorsal fin of male guppies is a costly handicap that may have evolved due to female mate choice. 相似文献
207.
Mandour Ahmed S. Elsayed Roushdy F. Ali Asmaa O. Mahmoud Ahmed E. Samir Haney Dessouki Amina A. Matsuura Katsuhiro Watanabe Izumi Sasaki Kazuaki Al-Rejaie Salim Yoshida Tomohiko Shimada Kazumi Tanaka Ryou Watanabe Gen 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(7):7815-7827
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Copper deficiency (CuD) is a common mineral disorder in ruminants, which causes histomorphological changes in the heart due to disturbances in... 相似文献
208.
Kohei Watanabe Dani Irwan Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2016,18(4):781-789
To establish the per capita household waste arisings, door-to-door measurement of discharged waste was carried out. Survey was done in four 2-week phases over a period of 13 months. A questionnaire survey was also carried out to obtain data on household size and other household characteristics as well as the extent of reduce and recycle activities. The results showed that there is a big variance among households on waste arisings, and that household size is an important socio-economic factor in determining per capita waste generation. 相似文献
209.
Fuminari Miur Toru Watanabe Kozo Watanabe Kazuhiko Takemoto Kensuke Fukushi 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2016,28(12):13-20
Diarrheal diseases can be transmitted via both primary infection due to exposures to contaminated materials from the environment and secondary infection due to personto-person contacts. Usually, the importance of secondary infection is empirically assessed by fitting mathematical models to the epidemic curves. However, these empirical models may not be applicable to other epidemic cases because they are developed only for the target epidemics and they don't consider the detail routes of infection. In our previous study, we developed a theoretical model taking into account the various routes of infection that commonly occur in households(e.g., shaking hands, food handling, and changing diapers).This model was made flexible and applicable to any epidemics by means of adjusting model parameters. In this study, we proposed a new index "Vulnerability indicator to secondary infection(VISI)", which expressed a ratio of secondary infection to primary infection risks and calculated this index in a simulated norovirus(No V) epidemic that involved 10,000 households.The results demonstrated that households composed of more than three members including infant(s) had much higher levels of VISI(5–45) than two-member-households with VISI(0.1–4).These results concluded that the infants were likely to be a hub of secondary infections in highly dense families and therefore careful handling of diapers was deemed indispensible in such families to effectively control the secondary infections. 相似文献
210.
Large-scale evaluation of the current level of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from 13 regions of Japan 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Eslami B Koizumi A Ohta S Inoue K Aozasa O Harada K Yoshinaga T Date C Fujii S Fujimine Y Hachiya N Hirosawa I Koda S Kusaka Y Murata K Nakatsuka H Omae K Saito N Shimbo S Takenaka K Takeshita T Todoriki H Wada Y Watanabe T Ikeda M 《Chemosphere》2006,63(4):554-561
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in 2004 in 105 breast milk samples collected from 13 regions of Japan (Hokkaido, Akita, Miyagi, Tokyo, Gifu, Fukui, Kyoto, Hyogo, Wakayama, Shimane, Yamaguchi, Kochi and Okinawa). Six congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154) were determined by gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Total PBDE levels ranged from 0.01 to 23.0 ng/g lipid (geometric mean (GM), 1.34 ng/g lipid). BDE-47 (GM, 0.66 ng/g lipid, 59% of sigmaPBDE) was the most abundant congener present in breast milk and was detected in 99% of the samples. Total PBDE levels were higher in northern Japan than in other regions. We analyzed the effects of occupation, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption and number of deliveries on total PBDE levels. None of these factors were significantly associated with the level of PBDEs. The present study revealed that the current level of exposure to PBDEs in Japan is lower than that in the USA or Sweden. GMs (ng/g lipid) (GSD, geometric standard deviation) and medians (ng/g lipid) of PBDE levels in each district are as follows: Hokkaido 2.70 (1.70), 2.74; Akita 4.49 (2.19), 5.44; Miyagi 1.77 (4.37), 1.11; Tokyo 1.39 (2.09), 1.63, Gifu 2.83 (4.79), 2.23; Fukui 1.05 (2.34), 1.18; Kyoto 1.31 (2.95), 1.33; Hyogo 1.02 (2.69), 0.88; Wakayama 1.33 (3.80), 1.70; Shimane 0.83 (2.51), 0.66; Yamaguchi 1.74 (2.82), 1.76; Kochi 0.50 (2.69), 0.74 and Okinawa 1.91 (2.75), 1.22. This is the first large-scale study of current PBDE levels in breast milk in Japan. 相似文献