On eco-planning for an eco-demonstration park (EDP) and sustainability-Case study of the Luhua EDP in the Chongming Island of Shanghai,China

The background, concept, connotation, principles, and methods of eco-planning for an Eco-Demonstration Park (EDP) and sustainability were examined based on a case study of the Luhua EDP in the Chongming Island of Shanghai, China, which is an important part of Shanghai Eco-city planning and construction in the 21st century. By analyzing natural, social and economic conditions, calculating population using the land capacity eco-model, eco-function zoning, and eco-construction, an innovative eco-industrial structure and technical chain were formulated. A comprehensive eco-planning scheme for the EDP was proposed, including planning and management strategies for subsystems of efficient industry, good quality human settlement, high standard eco-construction and eco-tourism as well as effective environmental protection and attractive landscape. The EDP should be an area with coordinated and sustainable economic, social and environmental subsystems. Eco-planning for the EDP should be a very important part of eco-city planning and sustainability. The paper aims to set up a theoretical framework and practical basis for eco-planning and promoting harmony between human and nature.     

香港及珠三角地区MODIS高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度的反演

为了有效解决地区性和城市范围内的气溶胶分布并反演陆地上气溶胶的性质,一种针对中分辨率成像光谱辐射计(MODIS)的气溶胶反演新算法应运而生.本文首先通过改良的最小反射率技术(MRT)来确定季节性的地表反射率和利用瑞利通道辐射率中解析出大气上气溶胶的反射率来估计气溶胶的反射系数.结果表明,MRT地表反射率的图像和MODIS地表反射系数的产品(MOD09)有很好的契合度.两者的相关系数高达0.9.此外,考虑到不同气溶胶的光学性质和太阳观测组合对计算辐射传输的影响,本研究还制定了全面广泛的差算表(LUT).由此产生的卫星500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)和香港太阳光度计(AERONET)及MicrotopsⅡ观测资料的相关系数r分别为0.96和0.87(相伴概率值P<0.0001).该研究证明了城区高分辨率气溶胶反演的可行性,还能帮助研究气溶胶的分布和城区大气瞬态污染的影响.此外,MODIS 500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度图像还可用于研究跨境气溶胶,使定位珠江三角洲区域污染源变得可行.     

Suppression pheromone and cockroach rank formation

Although agonistic behaviors in the male lobster cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea) are well known, the formation of an unstable hierarchy has long been a puzzle. In this study, we investigate how the unstable dominance hierarchy in N. cinerea is maintained via a pheromone signaling system. In agonistic interactions, aggressive posture (AP) is an important behavioral index of aggression. This study showed that, during the formation of a governing hierarchy, thousands of nanograms of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (3H-2B) were released by the AP-adopting dominant in the first encounter fight, then during the early domination period and that this release of 3H-2B was related to rank maintenance, but not to rank establishment. For rank maintenance, 3H-2B functioned as a suppression pheromone, which suppressed the fighting capability of rivals and kept them in a submissive state. During the period of rank maintenance, as the dominant male gradually decreased his 3H-2B release, the fighting ability of the subordinate gradually developed, as shown by the increasing odds of a subordinate adopting an AP (OSAP). The OSAP was negatively correlated with the amount of 3H-2B released by the dominant and positively correlated with the number of domination days. The same OSAP could be achieved earlier by reducing the amount of 3H-2B released by the dominant indicates that whether the subordinate adopts an offensive strategy depends on what the dominant is doing.     

Characterization of hydrocarbons, halocarbons and carbonyls in the atmosphere of Hong Kong

Ambient air quality measurements of 156 species including 39 alkanes, 32 alkenes, 2 alkynes, 24 aromatic hydrocarbons, 43 halocarbons and 16 carbonyls, were carried out for 120 air samples collected at two sampling stations (CW and TW) in 2001 throughout Hong Kong. Spatial variations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere were investigated. Levels of most alkanes and alkenes at TW site were higher than that at the CW site, while the BTEX concentrations at the two sites were close. The BTEX ratios at CW and TW were 1.6:10.1:1.0:1.6 and 2.1:10.8:1.0:2.0, respectively. For major halogenated hydrocarbons, the mean concentrations of chloromethane, CFCs 12 and 22 did not show spatial variations at the two sites. However, site-specific differences were observed for trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene. Furthermore, there were no significant differences for carbonyls such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone between the two sites. The levels of selected hydrocarbons in winter were 1-5 times that in summer. There were no common seasonal trends for carbonyls in Hong Kong. The ambient level of formaldehyde, the most abundant carbonyl, was higher in summer. However, levels of acetaldehyde, acetone and benzaldehyde in winter were 1.6-3.8 times that in summer. The levels of CFCs 11 and 12, and chloromethane in summer were higher than that in winter. Strong correlation of most hydrocarbons with propene and n-butane suggested that the primary contributors of hydrocarbons were vehicular emissions in Hong Kong. In addition, gasoline evaporation, use of solvents, leakage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas leakage and other industrial emissions, and even biogenic emissions affected the ambient levels of hydrocarbons. The sources of halocarbons were mainly materials used in industrial processes and as solvents. Correlation analysis suggested that photochemical reactions made significant contributions to the ambient levels of carbonyls in summer whereas in winter motor vehicle emissions would be the major sources of the carbonyls. The photochemical reactivity of selected VOCs was estimated in this study. The largest contributors to ozone formation were formaldehyde, toluene, propene, m,p-xylene, acetaldehyde, 1-butene/i-butene, isoprene and n-butane, suggesting that motor vehicles, gasoline evaporation, use of solvents, leakage of LPG, photochemical processes and biogenic emission are sources in the production of ozone. On the other hand, VOCs from vehicles and gasoline evaporation were predominant with respect to reactions with OH radical.     

中国典型城市水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类污染水平与生态风险评价

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)作为一类重要的环境激素类化学物质,被广泛应用于塑料的增塑剂中。随着工业的发展,中国PAEs的需求量迅速增加,PAEs已成为中国城市水环境的重要风险因子,因此需要对其进行生态风险评价。本研究首先针对我国典型城市水环境中PAEs的污染现状进行文献综述,总结归纳得到我国典型城市水环境中PAEs的污染分布特征;其次运用熵值法计算了我国典型水环境中PAEs对于藻类、水蚤和鱼类种群的生态风险,并依据生态风险等级划分标准将PAEs生态风险划分为4个水平。文献综述结果表明我国城市水环境中的PAEs浓度多数都高于8.00μg·L~(-1),超过了我国地表水环境质量标准(PRC-NS 2002)和饮用水质量标准(PRC-NS 2006)中的规定限值,且在大城市或PAEs工业区周围的污染水平要显著高于其他区域。将我国与国外典型城市水环境中PAEs的污染水平进行比较,结果表明我国水环境中的PAEs污染水平明显高于其他国家。此外,我国城市水环境中PAEs的污染不仅出现在地表水环境中,而且在广东东莞等地的地下水环境中也出现了PAEs污染,PAEs浓度范围为0.0~6.7μg·L~(-1)。生态风险评价的结果表明,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯(BBP)是我国城市水环境中最主要的风险因子。PAEs污染分布特征和生态风险评价的结果表明我国城市水环境中的PAEs生态风险值总体处于10≤风险熵(RQ)100到RQ≥100水平,尤其是在大城市或者PAEs工业密集区域,因此,亟需对我国城市水环境中PAEs的生态风险进行早期预警和风险管理。     

Empirical equation for transverse dispersion coefficient based on theoretical background in river bends

There are different approaches to estimating the transverse dispersion coefficient in river mixing. Theoretical approaches have derived the dispersion coefficient from the concept of shear flow, which has dominant effects on the transverse mixing. Empirical approaches have developed an equation using the hydraulic and geometric data of rivers through dimensional analysis and regression techniques. These two equations interact closely with each other. For example, the complicated theoretical equation can be simplified by empirical approaches, and the functional relationships of the empirical equation can be derived from theoretical bases. In this study, a new empirical equation for the transverse dispersion coefficient has been developed based on the theoretical background in river bends. As a regression method, the least-square iterative method was used because the equation was a nonlinear model. The estimated dispersion coefficients derived by the new equation were compared with observed transverse dispersion coefficients acquired from natural rivers and coefficients calculated by the other existing empirical equations. From a comparison of the existing transverse dispersion equations and the proposed equation, it appears that the behavior of the existing formula in a relative sense is very much dependent on the flow condition and the river geometry. Moreover, the proposed equation does not vary widely according to variation of flow conditions. Also, it was revealed that the equation proposed in this study becomes an asymptotic curve as the curvature effect increases.     

Regeneration of used sand with sodium silicate binder by wet method and their core manufacturing

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Organic binders that are used in sand casting emit high amounts of hazardous pollutants and volatile organic compounds during the casting process....     

生物补救、植物工程与人工地下水补充:对发展中国家的潜在用途与技术转让问题

在工业化国家,已经证实了生物补救、植物工程与人工地下永补充的有效性.他们对发展中世界也有巨大的使用潜力.模拟自然的发育过程,它们提供了使环境可持续的解决办法.当这些和那些技术在发展中国家应用的时候,要根据当地的实际情况考虑社会、经济和环境条件.关于技术转让和能力建设的问题,也应该量力而行.     

Exposure assessment of particulate matter and blood chromium levels in people living near a cement plant

This study evaluates the effect of air pollution caused by cement plants on nearby residential areas and performs an exposure assessment of particulate matter (PM) and total Cr, Cr⁶⁺, Pb, and Al. Further, the blood Cr levels of residents exposed to PM released by cement plants are also assessed. Nine buildings (eight residential and one elementary school building) close to cement plants were selected for this study, which were located in Pyeongtaek port, in west of Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. A total of 51 suspended particulate samples were collected at a flow rate of 2.0 L/min. Total Cr was more widely detected in residents’ houses and elementary schools. PM levels were higher at distances of 4.1 and 4.8 km than those at closer distances of 2.7 km. This was due to the influence of wind direction. The estimated mean blood level of Cr for the study participants was 3.80 μg/L, which is higher than levels estimated by other studies on Cr blood levels. Therefore, cement plants could cause an increase in total Cr and blood Cr levels in residential areas, and more continuous monitoring is necessary to better understand their impacts.