BP-4的模拟生物降解特性研究

为研究紫外吸收剂2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮-5-磺酸(BP-4)的最大生物降解能力,采用欧洲经济合作与发展组织(OECD)生物降解测试标准方法——303A模拟试验-污水好氧处理:活性污泥单元法,建立并进行了城市污水处理厂曝气池环境模拟试验。研究结果表明:在单一新鲜活性污泥作为接种物条件下,BP-4在第47天达到降解稳定期,溶解性有机碳(DOC)去除率平均值为36.90%±5.68%(n=18)。在以10种不同来源混合接种物条件下,BP-4在第41天达到降解稳定期,去除率平均值为33.11%±4.87%(n=17)。研究结果表明BP-4在环境中的降解能力有限,在本模拟方法试验条件下只能部分降解。     

太原市土壤六六六和滴滴涕的暴露格局及健康风险

为研究六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)在太原市不同功能区土壤中的暴露格局、来源以及对周围人群的健康风险,在太原市化工区、灌区、矿区、生态区周边荒地土壤中进行采样,分析测定了土壤中HCHs和DDTs含量,根据太原市人群实际情况的暴露参数和USEPA的部分参数,对土壤HCHs和DDTs的健康风险进行评价。结果表明:1)太原市表层土壤中HCHs的平均含量大小依次为化工区>灌区>矿区>生态区;DDTs平均含量的大小依次为化工区>灌区>矿区>生态区,仅6%的HCHs和3%的DDTs和的平均残留水平均高于我国土壤质量标准一级标准,但均不超过二级标准值;2)土壤中HCHs残留主要源于历史上林丹的使用,DDTs残留则来源于历史和新污染源的共同影响;3)太原市表层土壤HCHs和DDTs致癌风险大小为化工园区>矿区>灌区>生态区。非致癌风险大小为化工区>矿区>灌区>生态区。3种暴露途径的在不同功能区的健康风险贡献率大小均为经口摄入>呼吸吸入>皮肤接触;综合来看太原市表层土壤中的HCHs和DDTs并未对人类造成非致癌风险,但有一定的致癌风险。本文的研究结果可为太原市土壤质量评价和环境污染防治提供科学指导,并对太原市人群的健康风险防治提供依据。     

Formation of disinfection byproducts from accumulated soluble products of oleaginous microalga after chlorination

When microalgae are simultaneously applied for wastewater treatment and lipid production, soluble algal products (SAP) should be paid much attention, as they are important precursors for formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which have potential risks for human health. Chlorella sp. HQ is an oleaginous microalga that can generate SAP during growth, especially in the exponential phase. This study investigated the contribution of SAP from Chlorella sp. HQ to DBP formation after chlorination. The predominant DBP precursors from SAP were identified with the 3D excitation-emission matrix fluorescence. After chlorination, a significant reduction was observed in the fluorescence intensity of five specific fluorescence regions, particularly aromatic proteins and soluble microbial by-product-like regions, accompanied with slight shifting of the peak. The produced DBPs were demonstrated to include trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. As the algal cultivation time was extended in wastewater, the accumulated SAP strengthened the formation of DBPs. The trend for DBP formation was as follows: chloroform>dichloroacetic acid>trichloroacetic acid.

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稀有鮈鲫成体神经发生相关基因的分子克隆及序列分析

成体神经发生是脊椎动物中广泛存在的一种生物学特征。成体硬骨鱼类的脑展现出强烈的神经活性以及出色的脑修复能力,这使得硬骨鱼类成为研究成体神经发生和脑修复的一个理想的模型。本文克隆了成体稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)脑组织中神经发生及脑修复相关的hes5、pax6、sox11和prox1基因的部分c DNA序列并进行了序列分析。序列分析结果表明,pax6和sox11基因片段与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)对应的基因片段的同源性最高,分别为97%和94%;hes5基因与鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)相对应的基因片段的同源性最高,为92%;prox1基因在物种间的同源性最低。基于稀有鮈鲫和已知物种相应基因的核苷酸序列构建了系统发育树,发现稀有鮈鲫prox1基因与其他硬骨鱼类的亲缘关系最远。本文为进一步开展神经毒性类化学品对水生生物鱼类的成体神经毒性作用机制研究提供了分子生物学基础。     

Effective adsorbent for arsenic removal: core/shell structural nano zero-valent iron/manganese oxide

Recently, nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) has emerged as an effective adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions. However, its use in various applications has suffered from reactivity loss resulting in a decreased efficiency. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop an effective arsenic adsorbent as a core/shell structural nZVI/manganese oxide (or nZVI/Mn oxide) to minimize the reactivity loss of the nZVI. As the major result, the arsenic adsorption capacities of the nZVI/Mn oxide for As(V) and As(III) were approximately two and three times higher than that of the nZVI, respectively. In addition, the As(V) removal efficiency of the nZVI/Mn oxide was maintained through 4 cycles of regeneration whereas that of the nZVI was decreased significantly. The enhanced reactivity and reusability of the nZVI/Mn oxide can be successfully explained by the synergistic interaction of the nZVI core and manganese oxide shell, in which the manganese oxides participate in oxidation reactions with corroded Fe²⁺ and subsequently retard the release of aqueous iron providing additional surface sites for arsenic adsorption. In summary, this study reports the successful fabrication of a core/shell nZVI/Mn oxide as an effective adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions.     

A real-time monitoring and assessment method for calculation of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted in subway stations

Subway systems are considered as main public transportation facility in developed countries. Time spent by people in indoors, such as underground spaces, subway stations, and indoor buildings, has gradually increased in the recent past. Especially, operators or old persons who stay in indoor environments more than 15 hr per day usually influenced a greater extent by indoor air pollutants. Hence, regulations on indoor air pollutants are needed to ensure good health of people. Therefore, in this study, a new cumulative calculation method for the estimation of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted inside the subway station is proposed by taking cumulative amounts of indoor air pollutants based on integration concept. Minimum concentration of individual air pollutants which naturally exist in indoor space is referred as base concentration of air pollutants and can be found from the data collected. After subtracting the value of base concentration from data point of each data set of indoor air pollutant, the primary quantity of emitted air pollutant is calculated. After integration is carried out with these values, adding the base concentration to the integration quantity gives the total amount of indoor air pollutant emitted. Moreover, the values of new index for cumulative indoor air quality obtained for 1 day are calculated using the values of cumulative air quality index (CAI). Cumulative comprehensive indoor air quality index (CCIAI) is also proposed to compare the values of cumulative concentrations of indoor air pollutants. From the results, it is clear that the cumulative assessment approach of indoor air quality (IAQ) is useful for monitoring the values of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, in case of exposure to indoor air pollutants for a long time. Also, the values of CCIAI are influenced more by the values of concentration of NO₂, which is released due to the use of air conditioners and combustion of the fuel. The results obtained in this study confirm that the proposed method can be applied to monitor total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, inside apartments and hospitals as well.

Implications: Nowadays, subway systems are considered as main public transportation facility in developed countries. Time spent by people in indoors, such as underground spaces, subway stations, and indoor buildings, has gradually increased in the recent past. Especially, operators or old persons who stay in the indoor environments more than 15 hr per day usually influenced a greater extent by indoor air pollutants. Hence, regulations on indoor air pollutants are needed to ensure good health of people. Therefore, this paper presents a new methodology for monitoring and assessing total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted inside underground spaces and subway stations. A new methodology for the calculation of cumulative amounts of indoor air pollutants based on integration concept is proposed. The results suggest that the cumulative assessment approach of IAQ is useful for monitoring the values of total amounts of indoor air pollutants, if indoor air pollutants accumulated for a long time, especially NO₂ pollutants. The results obtained here confirm that the proposed method can be applied to monitor total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, inside apartments and hospitals as well.     

美国某给水厂处理工艺及净水效果

介绍了美国某给水厂的臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺、主要构筑物、设计参数和运行效果。实验结果表明:原水中TSS、BOD5、COD、UV254和浊度平均值分别为18.25 mg/L、5 mg/L、7.34 mg/L、0.08和17.38 NTU,经过系统处理后的出水指标分别为1.33 mg/L、2 mg/L、0 mg/L、0.01和0.86 NTU,相应的平均去除率分别为88%、60%、100%、88%和81%。净水效果明显,五项常规指标均满足我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)使用要求,这种深度处理技术及设计思路值得国内给水处理行业参考借鉴。     

超声前处理强化活性炭吸附活性艳红X-3B染料废水

探究了超声前处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水强化活性炭吸附降解性能及不同超声参数的影响规律,包括超声功率和超声时间。研究结果表明,超声前处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水可通过空化效应使有机大分子裂解为小分子易于被活性炭吸附,同时可强化其到活性炭微孔中传输,提高了活性炭吸附降解性能,最佳超声功率为320 W。浓度越高,所需超声时间越长,当超声达到一定时间后,继续超声不会影响染料分子的吸附。超声前处理虽然不会改变吸附平衡时间,但可有效增加活性炭处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水的饱和吸附量。     

Historical change of mercury pollution in remote Yongle archipelago, South China Sea

We collected three ornithogenic coral sand sedimentary profiles from Jinyin Island, Jinqing Island and Guangjin Island of Yongle archipelago, South China Sea and reconstructed the deposition flux of anthropogenic Hg over the past 700 years in the study area. On the whole, the anthropogenic Hg flux is relatively low; it remained at a low level before the Industrial Revolution with a small peak at about 1450-1550 AD, which may record the enhanced metallurgy activity in Ming Dynasty of China. During the 20th century, the deposition flux of anthropogenic Hg increased rapidly, but two troughs occurred during the periods around 1940s and 1970s, corresponding to the economic depression caused by World War II, Civil War in China (1945-1949), and the Culture Revolution (1966-1976) in China. Since the 1970s the deposition flux of anthropogenic Hg has been persistently increasing, apparently the result of fast economic development in East and Southeast Asia countries around South China Sea.     

Formation pathways of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in sediments contaminated with PCBs during the thermal desorption process

Thermal desorption has attracted considerable interest as a remediation technology for the removal of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from contaminated soils and sediments. Although several research groups have confirmed that polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are formed from PCBs during the thermal desorption of sediments contaminated with PCB, the formation pathways remain poorly understood. Herein, thermal desorption has been used to develop a greater understanding of the formation pathways of PCDFs from sediments contaminated with PCBs. PCB decomposition experiments of sediments contaminated with PCBs were performed over 5 min at 450 °C with a gas composition of 10% O(2)/90% N(2), either in the absence (Run 1) or presence (Run 2-4) of one of three different (13)C(12)-labeled PCB individual standards. The results of Run 1 showed that 99.96% of PCBs and 98.40% of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in the treated sediments had decomposed, whereas the concentration levels of PCDFs had increased by a factor of 31. The addition of different (13)C(12)-labeled PCBs to the sediment sample yielded different (13)C(12)-PCDFs isomer patterns, with formation pathways including loss of ortho-Cl(2), loss of HCl involving a 2,3-chlorine shift, loss of ortho-H(2) and dechlorination.