田间条件下Pb在土壤-水稻中的迁移特征

以湘中某工矿区农田为研究对象,野外定点采集红壤和紫色土母质水稻土耕层土壤及其对应样点水稻分蘖期和成熟期样品,分别使用富集系数、迁移系数和累积系数研究了Pb在土壤-水稻系统中的迁移特征.结果表明,成熟期水稻各部位Pb含量为根茎叶稻壳糙米,其富集系数分别为55.07%、8.13%、2.47%、0.10%;迁移系数分蘖期为0.034%,成熟期0.080%,成熟期高于分蘖期(P0.01),成熟期迁移系数紫色土高于红壤(P0.01);糙米累积系数红壤为0.40%,紫色土0.27%,红壤大于紫色土(P0.05).综上所述,Pb在红壤和紫色土母质以及水稻分蘖期和成熟期的迁移特征均表现出一定的差异,所以在进行稻田Pb环境管理时需要注意土壤母质和水稻生长时期特点.     

石化行业竣工环保验收中废气监测研究

在石化行业建设项目竣工环境保护验收中,废气监测是一项重要的监测内容。验收监测时要按照相应标准和大气导则设置相关监测点位。根据石化行业废气排放的主要来源和特点,给出有组织排放废气和无组织排放废气监测布点方法。但在实际布点中由于存在一些客观的原因,使得废气监测布点不能按照相应的标准和导则规范或是其他的技术文件进行。针对布点过程中存在的相关问题,提出废气验收监测时应注意的问题并给出相关建议。     

煤矿环境地质灾害及其分类、环境效应和影响特点

煤矿环境地质灾害是煤矿区环境问题的主要发生源。作者根据灾害发生和持续的时间、动力作用方式对其进行了分类,并总结了煤矿环境地质灾害的效应和影响特点。     

絮凝-微滤组合工艺处理炼油厂“三泥”水相的研究

采用絮凝剂絮凝和陶瓷膜微滤的组合工艺处理炼油厂“三泥”水相。研究结果表明：絮凝处理可明显降低水相的石油类浓度和COD,将絮凝处理与0．2μm氧化锆膜过滤处理相结合,渗透液的石油类浓度和COD可达到国家排放标准。以絮凝处理后出水的石油类浓度为基准,确定了合适的絮凝剂为3530S,并通过正交试验确定了合适的絮凝处理工艺条件：絮凝剂加入量为70mg／L,絮凝温度为40℃,搅拌时间为90min,静置时间为1．5h。同时,絮凝处理能减轻膜污染,增大膜的渗透通量。考察了操作压力和错流速率对渗透液质量和膜渗透通量的影响,确定了合适的操作条件：操作压力为0．11MPa,错流速率应保证在完全湍流区。     

A Simple Discussion on the Supply and Demand of Water Resources in the Western Region of China

Abstract

We are accustomed to solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region by the thought of increasing the effective supply of water to meet the needs of Go-west Campaign. After introducing the dynamic equilibrium principle on supply and demand in economy, we find that we should solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region through reducing total demand to achieve the dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand. Finally water resources in the western region can be enlarged by an accumulated way.     

Effect of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater to methanogenic activity and microbial community

The inhibition ratio sharply increased with the increasing COD. The absorbance of UV-vis at 420 nm showed a linear correlation with the SMA. The molecular structure of EPS has changed when COD was 9585 mg/L. Illumina Miseq sequencing was employed to reveal the microbial composition. The synthesis of 2-butenal, which is a vital raw material for the production of sorbic acid as a food preservative, generates some toxic by-products, so it is urgent to seek better detoxification strategies for the treatment of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater. In this study, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the inhibition effect of wastewater on the methanogenic activity. To understand the wastewater toxicity to anaerobic granular sludge, variations of the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) constituents at various wastewater CODs were investigated. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were employed to analyze the structure of the EPS. The results showed that the inhibitory ratio of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater was less than 8.4% on the anaerobic granular sludge when the CODs were less than 959 mg/L. However, the inhibitory ratio increased from 36.4% to 93.6% when CODs increased from 2396 mg/L to 9585 mg/L, with the SMA decreasing from 39.1 mL CH₄/(gVSS·d) to 3.2 mL CH₄/(gVSS·d). The diversity of the microbial community under various CODs was researched by Illumina 16S rRNA Miseq sequencing and the results demonstrated that Proteiniphilum、Petrimonas and Syntrophobacter were the dominant bacteria genera in all sample. Regarding archaea, Methanobacterium was the most dominated archaea genera, followed by the Methanosaeta group in all samples. Moreover, the bacterial communities had changed obviously with increasing CODs, which indicated high CODs played a negative impact on the richness and diversity of bacterial community in the sludge samples.     

基于坐标变换和蒙特卡罗模拟的安全距离研究

以高斯烟团模型为基础,引入坐标变换思想,建立了适用于变风场的大气污染扩散模型,并结合蒙特卡罗模拟初步构建了更为合理的安全距离确定方法,一定程度上解决了参数不确定性所导致的预测结果偏差。以大连市松木岛化工园区为例,得到不同方向上污染物的危害距离,得出相应的风险评价结论。     

基于模糊层次分析法的海绵城市措施研究

以低影响开发的理念为主导,提倡雨水的源头及分散控制,恢复用地开发前的水文状态.合理地选择海绵城市措施是海绵城市建设的重要内容.海绵城市建设通过加强城市规划建设管理,发挥建筑、道路、绿地和水系等对雨水的吸纳、蓄渗和缓释作用,有效控制雨水径流,实现雨水自然积存、渗透、净化.针对海绵城市决策方案优选问题,根据实例情况建立海绵城市措施决策指标体系.应用模糊层次分析法对该指标体系进行评价,引入Delphi法将定性指标及权重值进行量化,计算各方案的评分,从而得到决策结果.结果表明,该方法计算方便,操作性强,为决策提供了可靠的依据.     

四川省安宁河沉积物重金属污染特征及其生态风险分析

本研究采集安宁河干流的沉积物样品,分析了12种重金属元素As、Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Ba、Ti、V含量的空间变化,并采用了地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价其重金属污染分布现状。结果表明,沉积物中各种重金属均有不同程度的富集,重金属污染主要分布在矿业最为发达的中游河段及下游段,其中Ti、Ba、Mn、Cd、Zn地质累积指数较高,出现中度及以上污染;安宁河重金属平均潜在生态风险已达中等程度,存在较强的生态危害,其中Cd表现出强度的生态风险(Ei值为46.33~366.84),应引起重视。     

一株光合细菌的分离鉴定及污水处理能力研究

光合细菌(photosyntheticbacteria,简称PSB)是一种在自然界广泛存在的具有光能合成体系的原核微生物,除可用作饲料添加剂外,还具有在好氧、微氧、厌氧多种条件下代谢废水中有机化合物、难降解卤化物等的能力,具有一定的工农业应用前景。本实验以实验室废水处理反应器活性污泥为材料,采用液体富集培养、平板反复划线分离方法,得到一株光合细菌,命名为PSB-O。经菌落形态特征、细胞形态特征、活细胞光吸收光谱特征、生理生化特性及16SrRNA基因分析,将PSB-O菌株鉴定为Rhodopseudomonassp.。将该菌用于连续培养反应器处理合成有机废水试验,结果表明PSB-O可以有效去除合成有机废水中的COD,在稀释率为0.025h-1时去除率达到最高62.8%,可以用于有机废水处理。