一株光合细菌的分离鉴定及污水处理能力研究

光合细菌(photosyntheticbacteria,简称PSB)是一种在自然界广泛存在的具有光能合成体系的原核微生物,除可用作饲料添加剂外,还具有在好氧、微氧、厌氧多种条件下代谢废水中有机化合物、难降解卤化物等的能力,具有一定的工农业应用前景。本实验以实验室废水处理反应器活性污泥为材料,采用液体富集培养、平板反复划线分离方法,得到一株光合细菌,命名为PSB-O。经菌落形态特征、细胞形态特征、活细胞光吸收光谱特征、生理生化特性及16SrRNA基因分析,将PSB-O菌株鉴定为Rhodopseudomonassp.。将该菌用于连续培养反应器处理合成有机废水试验,结果表明PSB-O可以有效去除合成有机废水中的COD,在稀释率为0.025h-1时去除率达到最高62.8%,可以用于有机废水处理。     

Balancing China’s climate damage risk against emission control costs

In this study, we incorporate a three-reservoir climate module into our energy-economy-environmental integrated (3E-integrated) system model, in order to estimate the effect of China’s contribution of unilateral emissions on global warming and to weigh the macro-mitigation cost against the risk of damage, and we also explore the role of adaptation in reducing climate change risk. Our results suggest that China’s unilateral emission-control action plays a relatively limited role in mitigating global warming and is not particularly cost-effective, given that the macro-reduction cost is much larger than the benefit in the corresponding climate damage mitigation. Adaptation plays a large role in curbing China’s climate damages and improving the economics of China’s unilateral emission-control actions, and it is little affected by the introduction and option mitigation strategies. To prevent global warming from exceeding critical thresholds, more international collaborations and cooperative efforts are therefore anxiously needed; as for China, bolstering a low-carbon economy and installing an effective mechanism for improving the adaptation level are two feasible options for controlling climate damage risks, given the great uncertainty on the present situation of international cooperation mitigation.     

城镇污水厂剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸工程示范研究

鉴于污泥厌氧发酵产酸技术的生产规模性研究较少,为深入了解城镇剩余污泥厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）工程的长期运行特征,基于0.3 t/d规模的生产线平台进行了为期240 d的稳定运行研究,考察了长期运行条件下的污泥预处理效果、产酸水平、VFAs回收和经济可行性.结果表明:污泥经热-混碱预处理后溶解性有机物浓度〔ρ（SCOD）,以溶解性COD计〕比原污泥提高了29倍,水解率达到56%.当ρ（TSS）（TSS为总悬浮固体）分别为30和70 g/L时,污泥预处理水解率分别为56%和59%;厌氧发酵产酸率〔以每g污泥有机物生产多少mg VFAs计,R_VFAs〕分别为277和256 mg/g;ρ（TVFAs）（TVFAs为总挥发性脂肪酸）最高可达9.1 g/L,其中乙酸占61.6%.采用聚合氯化铝（PAC）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）联合调理能够有效提高发酵污泥的脱水性能,与对照组相比,泥饼的含水率由84.8%降至64.0%,发酵液的回收率由33.7%升至75.7%.经济效益分析表明,设置处理规模为100 t/d时,运行成本为346.6元/t,收益为451.4元/t.研究显示,城镇污水厂剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸生产线运行稳定,能够实现较好的有机物生物转化与资源化效果,经济可行,具有显著的应用前景.      

焚烧飞灰协同去除垃圾渗滤液纳滤膜浓缩液中CODCr的特性研究

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰和垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液的环境无害化处置已成为目前行业和政府管理部门亟待解决的难题.遵循“以废治废”的研究思路,利用填料柱开展了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰去除NF（纳滤）膜浓缩液中COD_Cr的特性研究,重点研究了不同淋滤速率（40、60、80 mL/h）、填料层厚度（5、15、25 cm）条件下NF膜浓缩液中COD_Cr随淋滤时间的去除效果.结果表明:NF膜浓缩液中COD_Cr的去除主要依靠飞灰的吸附、化学沉淀以及截留作用;淋滤速率对NF膜浓缩液中COD_Cr的去除效果影响很小,COD_Cr去除率随填料层厚度增加而增大;当填料层厚度为15 cm、淋滤速率为60 mL/h时,飞灰对垃圾渗滤液纳滤膜浓缩液中COD_Cr的去除效果总体达到最佳,且相应灰渣的含盐量以及Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr的浸出毒性均显著降低.研究显示,最佳条件下飞灰对NF膜浓缩液COD_Cr去除率可达40%以上.      

Effect of relative humidity and the presence of aerosol particles on the α-pinene ozonolysis

The α-pinene ozonolysis under the different environmental conditions were observed in a smog chamber. The second-order rate constant(k) was determined to be(7.25 ± 0.06) ×10~(–17)cm~3/(molecule·sec) under 20% of relative humidity(RH) and room temperature. RH showed a marked influence on the α-pinene ozonolysis. The value of k increased with RH increase, which was 1.6 times faster at RH = 80% than that at RH = 20%. Additionally, the value of k apparently changed in the presence of the aerosol particles. The diesel soot increased the k value. The fly ash prohibited the reaction, however, H_2SO_4-treated fly ash promoted the reaction. The information of products gained using FT-IR and SPAMS showed that pinonic acid, 10-hydroxy-pinonic acid and pinic acid could be generated during the α-pinene ozonolysis. Water molecules could take part in the formation of the products, and play a vital role in the degradation of α-pinene. The atmospheric residence time calculation showed that the ozonolysis in the atmosphere is an important way of the α-pinene consumption as compared to that reacted with OH during daytime. The results suggested that the degradation of α-pinene via the ozonization in the atmosphere may be affected greatly by RH, as well as the presence of aerosol particles. The ozonolysis reaction may be an important way of the α-pinene consumption during daytime.     

四川省安宁河沉积物重金属污染特征及其生态风险分析

本研究采集安宁河干流的沉积物样品,分析了12种重金属元素As、Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Ba、Ti、V含量的空间变化,并采用了地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价其重金属污染分布现状。结果表明,沉积物中各种重金属均有不同程度的富集,重金属污染主要分布在矿业最为发达的中游河段及下游段,其中Ti、Ba、Mn、Cd、Zn地质累积指数较高,出现中度及以上污染;安宁河重金属平均潜在生态风险已达中等程度,存在较强的生态危害,其中Cd表现出强度的生态风险(Ei值为46.33~366.84),应引起重视。     

基于模糊层次分析法的海绵城市措施研究

以低影响开发的理念为主导,提倡雨水的源头及分散控制,恢复用地开发前的水文状态.合理地选择海绵城市措施是海绵城市建设的重要内容.海绵城市建设通过加强城市规划建设管理,发挥建筑、道路、绿地和水系等对雨水的吸纳、蓄渗和缓释作用,有效控制雨水径流,实现雨水自然积存、渗透、净化.针对海绵城市决策方案优选问题,根据实例情况建立海绵城市措施决策指标体系.应用模糊层次分析法对该指标体系进行评价,引入Delphi法将定性指标及权重值进行量化,计算各方案的评分,从而得到决策结果.结果表明,该方法计算方便,操作性强,为决策提供了可靠的依据.     

Effect of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater to methanogenic activity and microbial community

The inhibition ratio sharply increased with the increasing COD. The absorbance of UV-vis at 420 nm showed a linear correlation with the SMA. The molecular structure of EPS has changed when COD was 9585 mg/L. Illumina Miseq sequencing was employed to reveal the microbial composition. The synthesis of 2-butenal, which is a vital raw material for the production of sorbic acid as a food preservative, generates some toxic by-products, so it is urgent to seek better detoxification strategies for the treatment of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater. In this study, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the inhibition effect of wastewater on the methanogenic activity. To understand the wastewater toxicity to anaerobic granular sludge, variations of the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) constituents at various wastewater CODs were investigated. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were employed to analyze the structure of the EPS. The results showed that the inhibitory ratio of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater was less than 8.4% on the anaerobic granular sludge when the CODs were less than 959 mg/L. However, the inhibitory ratio increased from 36.4% to 93.6% when CODs increased from 2396 mg/L to 9585 mg/L, with the SMA decreasing from 39.1 mL CH₄/(gVSS·d) to 3.2 mL CH₄/(gVSS·d). The diversity of the microbial community under various CODs was researched by Illumina 16S rRNA Miseq sequencing and the results demonstrated that Proteiniphilum、Petrimonas and Syntrophobacter were the dominant bacteria genera in all sample. Regarding archaea, Methanobacterium was the most dominated archaea genera, followed by the Methanosaeta group in all samples. Moreover, the bacterial communities had changed obviously with increasing CODs, which indicated high CODs played a negative impact on the richness and diversity of bacterial community in the sludge samples.     

污泥停留时间对单级好氧生物除磷的影响

以丙酸钠为单一碳源,设置4组不同污泥停留时间(SRT)的SBR(R1:SRT=9 d;R2:SRT=12 d;R3:SRT=18 d;R4:SRT=24 d),考察SRT对单级好氧生物除磷的影响。实验结果表明,当SRT分别为9、12、18和24 d时除磷效率分别为34.2%、85.0%、93.3%和76.7%,单位VSS除磷量分别为1.97、4.62、4.70和3.59 mg-P/g-VSS,SVI分别稳定在89、93、98和123 mL/g左右。随着SRT增大,系统除磷效率及单位VSS除磷量先升高后下降,并在SRT=18 d时达到最大值,而污泥沉降性能逐渐变差。分析各组反应器中内聚物的变化表明,R1中的微生物在外源基质消耗阶段利用糖原质的分解合成多β羟基烷酸盐(PHA),但PHA消耗阶段没有磷酸盐的大量吸收,表现出聚糖菌的代谢方式;R2、R3和R4中的微生物在外源基质消耗阶段通过TCA循环合成PHA,在PHA消耗阶段大量合成聚磷,表现出聚磷菌的代谢方式。     

利用霉菌净化糖厂滤泥方法的优化

为净化糖厂滤泥,使其得到更好的资源化利用,研究pH、时间、温度、转速和接种量对霉菌净化糖厂滤泥效果的影响。在单因素基础之上,选取温度、pH和接种量为自变量,耗糖量为响应值,采用响应面优化法优化霉菌净化糖厂滤泥的条件。利用Box-Behnken设计和方差分析,研究各自变量及其交互作用对耗糖量的影响,模拟得到二次多项式回归方程的预测模型。结果表明,温度30℃,pH为8,接种量为6%为最佳优化条件,在此条件下,耗糖量的实际值为1 040 mg/20g滤泥,理论值为1 061.39 mg/20 g滤泥,两者的相对误差为1.97%。二次响应曲面方差分析结果表明,回归模型达到显著性水平,在研究区域内拟合较好,模型的精密度、可信度和精确度均在可行范围内。说明响应面法优化霉菌净化糖厂滤泥的条件切实可行。