一种测量绝缘子内径的新型卡钳的研发与应用

随着输电线路电压等级的不断升高, 输电线路绝缘子的尺寸和形状也发生了巨大变化,大吨位钟罩型绝缘子下表面棱槽深度已经超过了传统的内卡钳和外卡钳可以测量的深度,致使下表面棱槽内部区域内径无法通过传统卡钳直接测量得到。本文开发了一套新型卡钳工具,并成功地应用于各种型号绝缘子内径及表面积的测量中。应用结果表明:新型卡钳工具不仅实现了大吨位钟罩型绝缘子内径及表面积的现场测量,提高了工作效率,而且确保了测量的精度,为绝缘子内径及表面积的工程测量提供了有利的帮助。     

上海虹桥综合交通枢纽灾害链及其在灾害评估中的应用

灾害的发生发展呈现链式有序的传承效应(灾害链),为灾害的预防和控制带来了不小的困难.上海虹桥综合交通枢纽工程集多种换乘方式于一体,一旦发生灾害,势必造成连锁反应,造成巨大损失,必须对其进行防灾治灾研究.应用灾害链思想结合模糊综合评判法的思路,提出了灾害链定量分析方法并对虹桥枢纽灾害等级进行了评估.     

基于CFD的污泥脱水机房恶臭扩散分布规律研究

污泥脱水机房是污水处理厂恶臭污染最严重的处理单元之一,其恶臭污染危害工作人员和周边居民身体健康。为研究脱水机房恶臭扩散分布规律,运用计算流体动力学（computational fluid dynamics, CFD）理论并采用其商用软件FLUENT对脱水机房主要恶臭污染物之一的硫化氢扩散分布进行数值模拟。案例研究了3种典型情景下的硫化氢扩散分布。结果表明,不同通风条件对脱水机房硫化氢扩散分布影响较大。在进行脱水机房设计时,应将脱水机布置于夏季最多风向的下方向,并靠近排风口,使恶臭污染物在最短的路径上排除出去,还应考虑机房其他布置,使工作人员经常接触和经过的地方位于低浓度区。     

燃煤过程硫同位素分馏效应及其环境意义

世界范围内燃煤而释放的二氧化硫气体和颗粒物,严重地扰动了硫的全球环境地球化学循环,是导致全球性大气污染和酸沉降的重要原因.为定量地评估人为活动释放硫和天然生物成因硫对全球环境质量的相对影响,稳定硫同位素示踪技术是一新的发展方向.     

中国大陆岩石圈层碳硫磷的库存量及分配

根据中国地壳厚度的最新研究结果和近1600份中国岩石化学分析资料,计算了中国大陆岩石圈层中碳、硫、磷的库存量和在各岩类中的分配特征。并和国际碳循环研究计划所得的全球陆壳中碳的库存量结果进行了对比.     

中型上流式厌氧污泥床处理甲醇废水启动初期工艺参数控制

介绍了上流式厌氧污泥床处理甲醇废水工业装置启动初期应注意的几个问题,包括温度控制,污泥搅拌,进水方式,进水浓度及异常情况处理等,给出了具全的工艺参数。     

分散元素硒的地球化学循环及其富集作用

本文概述了硒的物理、化学性质 ,形态和存在形式以及硒的地球化学循环和富集作用。硒呈四种主要的无机形态存在于自然界中 :硒化物 ( -2价 )、元素硒 ( 0价 )、亚硒酸盐 ( +4价 )和硒酸盐 ( +6价 )。不同硒形态的存在 ,很大程度上取决于 pH和Eh条件。硒的天然的、总的地球化学循环主要涉及壳岩源和海洋沉积物。次一级的循环涉及其它无机源和沉积物。另外 ,整个硒的壳循环 (岩石圈、生物圈、水圈和大气圈 )也强烈受到生物化学反应的影响 ,这些反应使硒在有机组分中固定或迁移。人类活动向环境中排放的硒极大地改变了硒天然的地球化学循环 ,主要是煤的燃烧、硫化物矿床的开采及工业上利用硒所产生的废料。岩浆期后热液活动阶段是硒最主要的活动、富集阶段 ,硒能大量地呈分散形式 (类质同像 )或独立矿物形式存在于这一阶段中 ;在火山及喷气活动产物 (有关热泉 )中硒的富集程度也很高。另外 ,硒在页岩特别是海相黑色页岩中的富集作用与生物活动有密切的关系。     

高压均质对蓝藻有机质释放与厌氧发酵产酸的促进效果

为提高蓝藻在厌氧发酵过程中的资源化利用率,采用高压均质技术处理蓝藻以提高其厌氧发酵产VFAs（挥发性脂肪酸）的效率,通过对蓝藻进行不同压力和pH的高压均质处理,比较处理后蓝藻营养物质的释放情况,并确定该处理的优选运行条件;同时,对未处理蓝藻、高压均质蓝藻、热碱蓝藻进行厌氧发酵试验,评估高压均质处理对蓝藻发酵产酸效果的影响.结果表明:不同条件下高压均质的蓝藻所释放的有机质均较处理前有所提高,其中高压均质的优选条件为压力100 MPa和pH=11,该条件下ρ（SCOD）（SCOD为溶解性化学需氧量）可达22.74 g/L,比对照组提高了52.34倍.在厌氧发酵试验中,高压均质处理在促进有机质释放的同时,还可以提高底物的可生化性,进而提升产酸量.高压均质蓝藻产VFAs的质量浓度最高达8.22 g/L,是对照组的2.16倍.另外,高压均质处理蓝藻的CST（毛细吸水时间）由热碱预处理蓝藻的2 940 s降至1 940 s,减缓了有机质释放带来的脱水性能的恶化趋势.研究显示,高压均质预处理能够提高蓝藻细胞有机质释放、改善碳源可生化性、促进厌氧发酵产酸量,并且降低了分离回收碳源的难度.      

Observations of atmospheric pollutants at Lhasa during 2014–2015: Pollution status and the influence of meteorological factors

Atmospheric pollutants including SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃ and inhalable particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) were monitored continuously from March 2014 to February 2015 to investigate characteristics of air pollution at Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau. Species exhibited similar seasonal variations except O₃, with the peaks in winter but low valleys in summer. The maximum O₃ concentration was observed in spring, followed by summer, autumn, and winter. The positive correlation between O₃ and PM₁₀ in spring indicated similar sources of them, and was assumed to be turbulent transport. Temperature was the dominant meteorological factor for most species in spring. High temperature accelerates O₃ photochemistry, and favors air disturbance which is conductive to dust resuspension in spring. Relative humidity (RH) and atmospheric pressure were the main meteorological factors in summer. RH showed negative correlations with species, while atmospheric pressure posed opposite situation. Wind speed (WS) was the dominant meteorological factor in autumn, the negative correlations between WS and species indicated diffusion by wind. Most species showed non-significant correlations with meteorological factors in winter, indicating the dependence of pollution on source emission rather than restriction by meteorology. Pollution weather character indicated that emissions were from biomass burning and dust suspension, and meteorological factors also played an important role. Air stream injection from the stratosphere was observed during O₃ pollution period. Air parcels from Southwest Asia were observed during air pollution period in winter. An enhancement in air pollutants such as O₃ would be expected in the future, more attention should be given to countermeasures for prevention of air pollution in the future.     

Export of dissolved carbonaceous and nitrogenous substances in rivers of the “Water Tower of Asia”

Rivers are critical links in the carbon and nitrogen cycle in aquatic,terrestrial,and atmospheric environments.Here riverine carbon and nitrogen exports in nine large rivers on the Tibetan Plateau—the"Water Tower of Asia"—were investigated in the monsoon season from 2013 to 2015.Compared with the world average,concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC,30.7 mg/L)were high in river basins of the plateau due to extensive topographic relief and intensive water erosion.Low concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC,1.16 mg/L)were likely due to the low temperature and unproductive land vegetation environments.Average concentrations of riverine DIN(0.32 mg/L)and DON(0.35 mg/L)on the Tibetan Plateau were close to the world average.However,despite its predominantly pristine environment,discharge from agricultural activities and urban areas of the plateau has raised riverine N export.In addition,DOC/DON ratio(C/N,~6.5)in rivers of the Tibetan Plateau was much lower than the global average,indicating that dissolved organic carbon in the rivers of this region might be more bioavailable.Therefore,along with global warming and anthropogenic activities,increasing export of bioavailable riverine carbon and nitrogen from rivers of the Tibetan Plateau can be expected in the future,which will possibly influence the regional carbon and nitrogen cycle.