公众参与环境管理的意义和途径

公众参与是我国环境保护法的一项重要基本原则。本文阐述公众参与的概念及发展，论述了公众参与环境管理的意义，介绍了我国公众参与环境管理的发展状况，并参考发达国家一些做法和效果，论述我国建立和完善公众参与机制的途径和方法。     

宁夏近10年甲醛柱浓度时空分布及其影响因素

为明确宁夏回族自治区（简称“宁夏”）大气中甲醛的含量及分布,基于OMI遥感反演数据,分析了2006—2015年宁夏甲醛柱浓度的时空分布,同时选取工业产值、机动车保有量、煤炭消耗量以及气温、地形地貌和风向等人为和自然因素进行相关性分析.结果表明:研究区内2006—2015年甲醛柱浓度整体呈上升趋势,年均增速为1.078×1015 molec/（cm2·a）,其中2006—2011年逐年增大,2012—2015年呈波动上升趋势,并于2015年达到近10年的最高值;甲醛柱浓度季节性特征为夏季>冬季>秋季>春季;宁夏甲醛柱浓度月均值变化趋势整体上呈“W”型.空间上甲醛柱浓度高值区主要分布在宁夏中东部及南部地区,而北部及西部地区甲醛柱浓度相对较低.在人为因素中煤炭消耗量与甲醛柱浓度的相关性最高,相关系数达到0.88;在自然因素中甲醛柱浓度与气温相关系数达到0.63,地形地貌和风向对甲醛污染区域的分布有一定影响.研究显示,人为因素是影响宁夏甲醛柱浓度的主要因素.      

水稻秸秆生物炭对镉、铅复合污染土壤中重金属形态转化的短期影响

用生物炭修复重金属污染土壤已有广泛研究.本文采用水稻秸秆在500℃下制成的生物炭,施入Pb、Cd复合污染的土壤中培养30 d,探讨重金属化学形态变化,以期为生物炭修复重金属污染土壤提供科学依据.结果表明:生物炭添加后,黄棕壤的pH升高,弱酸提取态、可还原态及可氧化态Pb含量降低,残渣态Pb含量极显著增加,土壤Pb活性降低;与未加生物炭处理相比,添加生物炭后高浓度Cd污染土壤中弱酸提取态Cd含量极显著降低,可氧化态Cd含量增加,而残渣态Cd含量变化不显著,表明添加生物炭可以促进弱酸提取态Cd向可氧化态Cd转化.Pb、Cd复合污染土壤中Pb-Cd交互作用极显著,添加生物炭减弱了交互作用对弱酸提取态Pb的影响.     

Preparation,characterization, and Cd(II) sorption of/on cysteine-montmorillonite composites synthesized at various pH

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Montmorillonite-cysteine could be used as the immobilizer, detector, and detoxifier of heavy metals. To further the understanding and the application,...     

能源流视角下村落尺度能源消费结构比较及环境效应研究：基于河南省邑西里村、杨家村及山东省东桥头村的调查分析

加强村落尺度能源消费活动及其环境效应研究是实现农村能源可持续转型及绿色发展精细化治理的前提。但目前该领域存在明显知识空白，其原因在于缺乏基础数据和系统化数据采集体系及集成分析方法。基于对河南省邑西里村、杨家村以及山东省东桥头村的实地调研和半结构式访谈，采用定性和定量结合的方法开展能源消费活动及环境效应比较研究。结果表明：（1）村落尺度能源消费具有显著空间分异特征。邑西里村、杨家村和东桥头村人均能源消费量分别为505 kgce、889 kgce和1139 kgce；由能源消费产生的温室气体与污染物的种类分别为CO₂、CH₄、SO₂、N₂O、NO_x和TSP，单个家庭CO₂的产生量在2000—4000 kg；CH₄、SO₂、TSP和NO_x的排放量基本在1—5 kg；N₂O的排放量均在100 g以下。（2）居民生活环境和炊事供暖是影响村域能源消费的主要因素。其在邑西里村、杨家村和东桥头村的总用能占比分别为50.10%、79.08%和77.61%。（3）能源来源及消费结构具有明显的区位属性特征。杨家村距离市区较近，天然气成为当地居民的主要来源；邑西里村和东桥头村离市区较远，则以电力和煤炭为主。未来乡村地区的发展应该与当地的地域特征相结合，构建具有地方化特征的发展策略，实现农村能源的低碳健康发展。     

基于 LCA 的市域尺度稻田系统温室气体排放评估方法及实证：以台州市为例

开展稻田温室气体排放量化评估，明确稻田温室气体（greenhouse gases，GHGs）排放的构成、分布及其变化趋势，是推进农业绿色可持续发展的重要前提。基于生命周期评价法（life cycle assessment，LCA），筛选集成稻田CO₂、CH₄、N₂O排放评估模型，提出市域尺度稻田GHGs排放核算框架，并量化分析2001—2017年台州市不同类型水稻GHGs排放的构成、分布及其变化趋势。结果表明：（1）水稻单位面积碳足迹呈现上升趋势，单位产量碳足迹呈下降趋势；单季稻单位面积碳足迹最高（8467 kg∙hm⁻²，以CO₂计，余同），连作晚稻单位产量碳足迹最高（1.28 kg∙kg⁻¹）。（2）2001—2017年台州市水稻田GHGs排放总量呈下降趋势，从1110.52 Gg（以CO₂计，余同）降至557.23 Gg；2017年水稻GHGs排放主要集中于温岭市（131.39 Gg）、临海市（121.64 Gg），玉环市排放量最低（9.37 Gg），早稻和连作晚稻GHGs排放主要集中在温岭市，单季稻GHGs排放集中于临海市。（3）在农资投入碳足迹构成中化肥占比最大（50.46%），单位面积碳足迹结构中CH₄占比最大（75.26%）。通过展开在市域尺度上水稻GHGs排放的核算过程，旨在为农田系统的碳排放提供更加精细化的计算方式，并为寻找更有效的碳减排路径及农田系统的可持续发展提供科学支撑。     

Molecular simulation and experimental studies on CO2 and N2 adsorption to bituminous coal

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A coal fire is one of the most serious disasters in coal mining. To improve the efficiency of an inert gas for extinguishing the fire, the adsorption...     

几种矿物材料对污染土壤中铜形态的影响

采用室内模拟培养的试验方法,以膨润土、硅藻土、磷矿粉及其改性产物、高炉铁渣、钢渣作为改良材料,探讨了几种材料对铜污染土壤的修复效果及存在的规律.同时,对欧共体标准物质局提出的三步提取法（简称BCR法）进行了适当改进,以改进的BCR法提取并分析各形态铜在土壤中的变化.结果表明,除磷矿粉外,其他材料（膨润土、硅藻土）的改性...     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH₂PO₄, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl₂, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0.Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APRwasmost effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pbmolar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

Comparative effects on arsenic uptake between iron (hydro)oxides on root surface and rhizosphere of rice in an alkaline paddy soil

The iron (Fe) (hydro)oxides deposited around rice roots play an important role in arsenic (As) sequestration in paddy soils, but there is no systematic study on the relative importance of Fe (hydro)oxides on root surface and in rhizosphere soil in limiting As bioavailability. Twenty-seven rice genotypes were selected to investigate effects of Fe (hydro)oxides on As uptake by rice in an alkaline paddy soil. Results indicated that the As content was positively correlated with the Fe content on root surface, and most of As (88–97%) was sequestered by poorly crystalline and crystalline Fe (hydro)oxides in the alkaline paddy soil. The As sequestration by Fe (hydro)oxides on root surface (IAS_root 16.8–25.0 mg As/(g Fe)) was much higher than that in rhizosphere (IAS_rhizo 1.4–2.0 mg As/(g Fe)); therefore, in terms of As immobilization, the Fe (hydro)oxides on root surface were more important than that in rhizosphere. However, the As content in brown rice did not have significant correlation with the As content on root surface but was significantly correlated (R²?=?0.43, P?<?0.05) with the partition ratio (PR_As?=?IAS_root/IAS_rhizo) of As sequestration on root surface and in rhizosphere, which suggested that Fe (hydro)oxides on root surface did not play the controlling role in lowering As uptake, and the partition ratio PR_As would be a better indicator to evaluate effects of Fe (hydro)oxides around roots on As uptake by rice.