大型河流大面积死鱼应急监测案例分析研究

以湖南湘江干流大面积死鱼突发环境事件为例,详细阐述了该事件开展应急监测的全过程,并就河流大面积死鱼突发环境事件应急监测方案、监测指标确定、原因分析等内容进行探讨。溶解氧低是死鱼的主要原因,而大体量低溶解氧污染团的形成与持续高温干旱天气、暴雨以及特殊的开闸放水方式有关。所分析的案例为死鱼事件应急监测工作提供借鉴和参考。     

普兰店市土地利用景观格局及其生态环境效应研究

基于研究区2010年的土地利用图形数据,选用生态意义较明确的景观特征指数,定量分析了普兰店市景观空间格局及其生态环境效应.结果表明：（1）普兰店市旱地景观面积最大、分布最广,其面积比例为47.1％,林地景观的面积比例也较大,草地和沼泽地的面积比例较小.平均斑块面积0.82 km2/个,景观多样性指数为1.35,优势度指数为0.73,均匀度指数为0.62;（2）大部分旱地景观分布在普兰店市南部,林地景观大多分布在北方.城乡用地、水田则相对集中分布在南部沿海地区;（3）普兰店市的生态环境指数为0.40,生态环境质量总体一般.     

畜禽养殖业氨氮总量控制减排技术评估研究

畜禽养殖业是"十二五"期间氨氮总量减排的重点,其清洁生产与末端治理技术种类繁多,不同技术在不同应用条件下减排效果差别显著。深入分析了国内外畜禽养殖业发展与污染现状,系统归纳了国内畜禽养殖业氨氮总量减排技术区域特征,综合使用层次-灰色综合评判法、费用-效益法、表单法等对氨氮总量减排技术进行了综合性的评价研究,构建了基于面向服务架构(SOA)的氨氮减排技术评估咨询平台。结果表明,氨氮总量减排技术评估方法与平台可大幅度提高技术评价的效率和精确度,可广泛应用于企业和管理部门氨氮减排的工程技术与环境管理工作。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地表水中铊的研究

本研究建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定地表水中铊的方法。对仪器工作条件进行了优化,用在线内标校正基体效应的干扰,重点考察了样品测定介质、酸度、共存元素干扰等因素对测定结果的影响。在最佳实验条件下,该方法的检出限可达0.003μg/L,线性相关系数不小于0.999 9,加标回收率为93%~110%。与传统的原子吸收法相比,该方法不需要富集等繁琐的前处理过程,具有检出限低、快速、精密度和准确度高等优点。     

低碳物流发展现状及对策研究

在低碳经济日益发展的今天,物流业的低碳化发展存在的问题需要我们正视：低碳物流相关法规不完善;物流企业技术装备较落后、标准化水平不高,致使能源使用效率低下;低碳物流教育未有效开展;社会公众的低碳化意识较弱。对以上问题可采取的对策有：政府应完善低碳物流相关法规,健全碳交易体系,实行有效激励;物流行业应加快低碳技术的研发及推广,推进低碳物流系统工程;低碳物流教育应逐步有效开展;加强宣传,提高公众低碳物流意识。     

土壤溶解性有机质荧光特征及其与铜的络合能力

选取4种不同类型土壤和腐熟鸡粪,透析提取溶解性有机质(DOM),通过凝胶色谱、三维荧光光谱测定并分析了DOM的相对分子质量(M_r)分布、化学结构特征及其与铜的结合能力.结果表明,鸡粪DOM相对分子质量积分面积远高于其他样品,表现出其具有较高的有机物含量,泥炭土次之.暗棕壤、褐土和黑土较低,仅为鸡粪积分面积的4.5%~5%.鸡粪在中分子量段积分面积约占总物质的34.1%,低分子量段和高分子量段分别约占41.7%和24.2%.荧光光谱分析表明,各样品均出现类蛋白荧光峰(E_x/E_m=240~270/300~350 nm),在中、高分子量段(M_r500)暗棕壤存在的荧光峰消失.泥炭土出现了较为独特的可见光区类富里酸荧光峰(E_x/E_m=325/420 nm),该荧光峰和黑土的荧光峰在中、高分子量段(M_r500)都产生了红移现象.鸡粪分别出现了和黑土类似的紫外区类富里酸荧光峰,以及和泥炭土类似的可见光区类富里酸荧光峰,以及一类独特的类蛋白荧光峰(E_x/E_m=280/350 nm),但这种类蛋白荧光峰在中分子量段(500M_r12 000)消失.分析表明泥炭土与Cu的络合常数(lg K)为4.13,其他3种土壤与Cu的络合常数较小且差别不大,集中在2.10~3.10之间.鸡粪与Cu的结合能力最大,络合常数达到6.66.     

Bone histology sheds light on the nature of the “dermal armor” of the enigmatic sauropod dinosaur <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agustinia ligabuei</Emphasis> Bonaparte, 1999

Agustinia ligabuei is an Early Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from the northwest of Patagonia that is currently the topic of debate with respect to its phylogenetic position and atypical dermal armor. The presence of four morphotypes of laminar and transversely elongated putative osteoderms was used to consider Agustinia as an armored sauropod. Regarding the different hypotheses about the identity of the bony structures of Agustinia (e.g., osteoderms, cervical or dorsal ribs, hypertrophied elements), a comparative histological analysis has been carried out. Histological evidence is presented herein and reveals that none of the morphotypes of Agustinia shows a primary bone tissue formed by structural fiber bundles as in other sauropod dinosaur osteoderms. Furthermore, on the basis of their gross morphology and microstructure, the bony structures originally classified as types 1 + 4 and 3 are more comparable respectively with dorsal and cervical ribs than any other kind of dermal or bony element. Due to poor preservation, the nature of the type 2 cannot be assessed but is here tentatively assigned to a pelvic girdle element. Although a phylogenetic reassessment of Agustinia is not the purpose of this paper, our paleohistological analyses have broader implications: by not supporting the dermal armor hypothesis for Agustinia, its inclusion in Lithostrotia is not justified in the absence of other diagnostic features.     

Tail regeneration affects the digestive performance of a Mediterranean lizard

In caudal autotomy, lizards shed their tail to escape from an attacking predator. Since the tail serves multiple functions, caudal regeneration is of pivotal importance. However, it is a demanding procedure that requires substantial energy and nutrients. Therefore, lizards have to increase energy income to fuel the extraordinary requirements of the regenerating tail. We presumed that autotomized lizards would adjust their digestion to acquire this additional energy. To clarify the effects of tail regeneration on digestion, we compared the digestive performance before autotomy, during regeneration, and after its completion. Tail regeneration indeed increased gut passage time but did not affect digestive performance in a uniform pattern: though protein income was maximized, lipid and sugar acquisition remained stable. This divergence in proteins may be attributed to their particular role in tail reconstruction, as they are the main building blocks for tissue formation.     

Safe caves and dangerous forests? Predation risk may contribute to salamander colonization of subterranean habitats

Recent studies suggest that many organisms actively colonize the subterranean environment to avoid climatic stress, exploit new ecological opportunities and reduce competition and predation. Terrestrial salamanders are known to colonize the more stable subterranean habitats mainly to escape external climatic extremes, while the role of predation avoidance remains untested. To better understand the importance of predation, we used clay models of the cave salamander Speleomantes strinatii to compare the predation occurring in woodland and subterranean habitats. Models were positioned in three forests and in three caves in NW Italy. One-hundred eighty-four models were retrieved from the field and 59 (32%) were attacked by predators. Models were attacked on their head more often than expected by chance and, therefore, were perceived by predators as real prey items. In the woodlands, clay models showed a four-time higher probability of being attacked in comparison to caves, suggesting a different level of potential predation risk in these surface habitats. These findings are one of the first experimental evidences that, in terrestrial ecosystems, predation avoidance may contribute to the salamander underground colonization process.