土默川平原不同盐渍化程度土壤微生物生态特征研究

为了探究土壤微生物对不同盐渍化程度土壤质量的响应,以土默川平原盐渍化土壤为研究对象,采用平板稀释法和氯仿熏蒸法分析了土默川平原不同盐渍化程度土壤微生物区系、结构组成、微生物生物量碳及微生物熵的季节动态特征。结果表明:土默川平原土壤微生物总量较少,变化范围在2.89×105～38.77×106个g-1干土之间,其中细菌占绝对优势,占微生物总数的93.14%～99.53%。随着盐渍化程度的加重,土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及微生物总数呈显著下降的趋势,其中细菌数量在轻度、中度、重度盐渍化程度下的比值为1∶0.83∶0.60,真菌为1∶0.70∶0.30,放线菌为1∶0.66∶0.56,微生物总数为1∶0.84∶0.61;除真菌外,不同盐渍化程度土壤细菌、放线菌及微生物总数呈极显著的季节性变化。土壤种群数量占微生物总数的比例大小为细菌>放线菌>真菌。不同盐渍化程度土壤微生物量碳和微生物熵表现为:轻度盐渍化>中度盐渍化>重度盐渍化;不同盐渍化程度土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物熵的季节动态呈单峰上凸式曲线变化,在8月份达最高值,其值为0.15 g kg-1、3.44%。因此,土默川平原不同盐渍化程度土壤微生物区系特征差异显著,土壤盐分含量是影响该地区微生物生长的主要因素。     

莱州湾近岸海域中典型抗生素与抗性细菌分布特征及其内在相关性

为了揭示海陆衔接区环境中抗生素与抗性细菌分布特征及其内在相关性,以莱州湾及其主要入海河流为研究区域,利用HPLC-MS/MS分析样品中15种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)和6种喹诺酮类抗生素(QNs)的浓度,并通过改良的Method 1604(US EPA)评估海水与沉积物中2种典型水传病原微生物大肠杆菌(E.coli)与金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)的抗生素抗性水平,进而探讨该区域水体中抗性菌株的分布特点以及微生物抗性率与相应抗生素浓度的相关性。结果显示,莱州湾水体与沉积物中普遍存在磺胺与喹诺酮类抗生素残留及抗性污染问题。两大类抗生素在水体中平均残留浓度分别为3.89 ng·L~(-1)(SAs)和234.68ng·L~(-1)(QNs),在沉积物中分别为0.91 ng·g~(-1)(SAs)和49.37 ng·g~(-1)(QNs),且分布特征基本呈现自河流向海洋逐渐递减的趋势,说明河流输入是莱州湾抗生素污染的主要来源。在水体中,具有磺胺类抗性的E.coli和S.aureus平均检出量分别达到2 018和4 683 CFU·L~(-1),抗性率范围分别在0%~37.3%和10.6%~45.8%之间;而2种喹诺酮类抗性病原微生物的平均检出量则相对较低,分别为1 315 CFU·L~(-1)(E.coli)和1 461 CFU·L~(-1)(S.aureus),抗性率分别为0%~50.0%和0%~20.8%;此外,相比于E.coli,S.aureus为沉积物中的主要抗性病原微生物,磺胺与喹诺酮类抗性S.aureus检出率均高于80%,平均检出量分别为24CFU·g~(-1)和18 CFU·g~(-1)。相关性分析表明,莱州湾近岸海域水体中磺胺类抗生素浓度与磺胺类抗性微生物总量之间具有良好的线性关系,然而其与微生物抗性率之间并未表现出相似的规律,说明近岸海洋环境中抗生素的残留量不是影响抗性菌株丰度的唯一因素。     

生态系统方法及其在生态环境管理中的应用

生态系统方法是自然保护与生态环境管理中的新思想,并被《生物多样性公约》各缔约国所广泛接受。生态系统方法的研究目前处于初期阶段,尚无一致的定义。在对生态系统的系统性和非线性特征分析的基础上,本文简述了生态系统方法在生态环境管理和调控中的必然性。通过两种典型概念的阐释,对生态系统方法的内涵与原则进行了综述和分析。由于其综合性以及对社会和生态的协同考虑,生态系统方法得到了广泛的应用,尤其是在物种多样性保护、水生态及水资源、渔业和森林等领域。在生态系统方法的分析框架上,视研究对象和目的的不同而异,其中生态系统方法的“菱形示意图”更为综合和概况。在目前的生态系统方法研究和实践中,尚存在几个关键问题亟需解决,主要包括：系统的界定、不确定性、与其他方法的冲突和重合、不同结构的协作以及相关研究方法。     

Degradation of carbamazepine by MWCNTs-promoted generation of high-valent iron-oxo species in a mild system with O-bridged iron perfluorophthalocyanine dimers

Metal phthalocyanine has been extensively studied as a catalyst for degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ). However, metal phthalocyanine tends to undergo their own dimerization or polymerization, thereby reducing their activity points and affecting their catalytic properties. In this study, a catalytic system consisting of O-bridged iron perfluorophthalocyanine dimers (FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and H₂O₂ was proposed. The results showed MWCNTs loaded with FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆ can achieve excellent degradation of CBZ with smaller dosages of FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆ and H₂O₂, and milder reaction temperatures. In addition, the results of experiments revealed the reaction mechanism of non-hydroxyl radicals. The highly oxidized high-valent iron-oxo (Fe(IV)=O) species was the main reactive species in the FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆/MWCNTs/H₂O₂ system. It is noteworthy that MWCNTs can improve the dispersion of FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆, contributing to the production of highly oxidized Fe(IV)=O. Then, the pathway of CBZ oxidative degradation was speculated, and the study results also provide new ideas for metal phthalocyanine-loaded carbon materials to degrade emerging pollutants.     

The occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in fluoropolymer raw materials and products made in China

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts, and related compounds were listed as new persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention in 2019. In this study, the occurrence of residues of PFOA and other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in raw materials and fluoropolymer products from the Chinese fluoropolymer industries are reported for the first time. The PFOA concentrations in raw materials and fluoropolymer products were in the range of 6.7 to 1.1 × 10⁶ ng/g, and <MDL (method detection limit) to 5.3 × 10³ ng/g, respectively. Generally, the levels of PFOA in raw materials were higher than in products, implying that PFOA in the emulsion/dispersion resin could be partly removed during the polymerization or post-processing steps. By tracking a company's polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) production line, it was found that over a 5 year period, the residual levels of PFOA in emulsion samples declined from 1.1 × 10⁶ to 28.4 ng/g, indicating that the contamination of PFOA in fluoropolymer products from production source gradually decreased after its use had been discontinued. High concentrations of HFPO-TrA (2.7 × 10⁵ to 8.2 × 10⁵ ng/g) were detected in some emulsion samples indicating this alternative has been widely applied in fluoropolymer manufacturing in China.     

汽车工业发展中必须解决的环境问题

在可持续发展的大背景下,中国汽车工业发展面临着新的考验。文章从能源短缺,环境影响和城市交通拥堵三方面,探讨了汽车工业发展中必须引起注意、并要努力解决的环境问题。     

Biosorption effects of copper ions on Candida utilis under negative pressure cavitation

Under the optimal condition of copper ions adsorption on yeast,we found some different effects among static adsorption, shaking adsorption and negative pressure cavitation adsorption, and the methods of yeast with different pretreatments also affect adsorption of copper ions. At the same time, the change of intercellular pH before and after adsorption of copper with BCECF was studied. The copper distribution was located by using PhenGreen （dipotassium salt and diacetate）, and the surface of yeast was observed by an atomic force microscope. The results showed that negative pressure cavitation can improve bioadsorption capacity of copper ions on yeast. However, the yeasts＇ pretreatment has a higher effect on bioadsorption. It indicates that heavy metal bioadsorption on yeast has much relation with its cellular molecule basis. With the adsorping, the intercellular pH of yeast increased gradually and changed from acidity to alkalescence. These results may suggest that negative pressure cavitation can compel heavy metals to transfer from the cell surface into inside cell and make the surface of yeast coarse.     

多微孔苄基化木粉对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附研究

以中国杉木粉为研究对象,经苄基化改性和水热处理制得多微孔苄基化木粉.同时,以多微孔苄基化木粉为吸附材料,研究了苄基化木粉的增重率、溶液的p H值、接触时间、离子初始浓度和吸附温度等因素对Cu2+和Pb2+吸附效果的影响,并采用红外光谱、扫描电镜、核磁共振等分析手段对木粉改性与水热处理前后的材料进行了结构表征.结果表明:木粉经苄基化改性及水热处理后所制得的多微孔苄基化木粉对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附百分率比原木粉分别提高57%和209%,木粉的苄基化程度、溶液的p H值、接触时间、离子初始浓度和温度是影响Cu2+和Pb2+吸附百分率的重要因素.当溶液的p H值为5.5,Cu2+和Pb2+的浓度为30 mg·L-1,吸附温度为40℃,吸附时间为60 min,多微孔苄基化木粉质量为溶液质量的2.0%时,Cu2+去除率达94.4%,Pb2+去除率达88.7%.     

煤炭资源型城市街尘重金属污染特征及其生态风险——以宿州市为例

为了解煤炭资源型城市宿州市街尘重金属污染特征和生态风险,对23个采样点进行了12个月的连续采样。利用X射线荧光光谱分析仪对采集到的276个街尘样品进行了Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、V和Zn等重金属含量检测。结果表明:Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、V和Zn均值含量分别为112.9、27.5、410.3、45.2、75.6和225.3 mg/kg,除Mn和V外,其他四种重金属均超过土壤背景值。地累积指数评价结果表明,Cu、Mn和V无污染,而Cr和Pb为无污染至中度污染,Zn为中度污染。6种重金属各月份的污染负荷指数介于1~2之间,污染等级为无污染至中度污染。尽管单个重金属及6种重金属联合所致的潜在生态风险均为轻微生态风险等级,但空间分析结果表明,潜在生态风险指数的高值区一般多分布在人为活动较频繁的地段,说明重金属含量及其生态风险明显受人为活动影响。同时,风向风速对街尘重金属含量和时空变化也有重要影响。     

拉林河水环境质量现状与污染源分析研究

为了解拉林河流域的水环境质量及污染物来源,在平水期,对拉林河干流沿线进行现场勘查及断面水质监测。结果表明:拉林河上游沙河子镇断面水质呈Ⅰ类~Ⅱ类(除总氮外),中游五常市下游断面呈Ⅲ类~劣Ⅴ类,下游入松花江口断面呈Ⅲ类~Ⅳ类。拉林河黑龙江省境内沿河村镇每年排放的生活污水、垃圾、畜禽粪污、化肥、农药产生的CODcr、氨氮、总氮、总磷的贡献量分别为10万吨、1.69万吨、2.96万吨、2 881吨。