Climate change impact on the potential yield of Arabica coffee in southeast Brazil

Regional Environmental Change - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections of global mean temperature rises are worrisome for coffee crop due to the intolerance of the Arabica...     

Pesticide pressure and fish farming in barrage pond in Northeastern France Part I: site characterization and water quality

Purpose

Fish farming in barrage pond is a rearing system commonly used worldwide. Obtaining good water quality is essential to improve sustainability of these ecosystems, both for health of fish consumers and environmental considerations. However, ponds are often located in agricultural landscape, but few study reports impact of pesticide pressure on these ecosystems. This study characterizes five sites in Northeastern France. This work establishes an initial framework for pesticide monitoring with the aim to improve understanding of the fate of pesticides in ponds.

Methods

This framework is based on surveys indicating managements and Geographical Information System (GIS) for five ponds and their watersheds (sites: C-0, C-25, C-45, C-75 and C-85) and completes with some analysis of a large spectrum of pesticide residues in surface waters.

Results

Watersheds show a gradient of crop proportion ranging from 0% to 82% of the watershed area, mainly rapeseed, wheat, barley and maize. Ponds were representative of local Northeastern France management. Many pesticides, and also nutrients, were measured in water with concentrations varying between sites and seasons. The sum of quantified molecules ranged from 0.17 ??g/l for site C-0 (March) to 8.81 ??g/l for site C-25 (October). Concentrations of metaldehyde, quinmerac, isoproturon and bentazon were sometimes above 1 ??g/l.

Conclusions

There is a strong connection between pond and watershed, due to water supply throughout the fish production cycle. Sites with small pond/big watershed are the most exposed to acute contamination a few days after spraying because water discharges are not diluted.     

Relative bioavailability to laying hens of indicator polychlorobiphenyls present in soil

Transfer of indicator polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) from soil into hen eggs may occur in hens reared outdoor, which ingest significant amounts of soil. This transfer depends on the bioavailability of the ingested compounds. The impact of soil on the bioavailability of indicator PCBs was assessed by means by a relative bioavailability (RBA) trial, in which their deposition in egg yolk and in abdominal fat, in response to their ingestion through contaminated-soil and through spiked-oil were compared. A sandy soil (709 μg indicator PCBs kg⁻¹ dry matter) was collected in the vicinity of a former fire involving treated wood. Twenty-eight laying hens were individually housed and fed one of the seven experimental diets during 14 d. The seven experimental diets were an uncontaminated control diet, three diets in which contaminated soil was introduced at levels of 3%, 6% and 9% and three diets in which spiked oil was introduced to achieve similar levels and profile of contaminants. Yolk, abdominal fat and liver were collected at the end of exposure. Indicator PCBs were extracted by ASE (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) and analyzed by GC-HMRS. Within each ingested matrix, the concentration of indicator PCBs in yolk and in abdominal fat linearly increased with the amount of indicator PCB ingested (P < 0.001). Except for PCB 28, the slopes of the responses to soil and to oil could not be differentiated (P > 0.1). RBA estimates did not differ from 1 for all indicator PCBs except for PCB 28, for which it was 0.58-0.59. Measurements performed on liver confirm these conclusions.     

Modification in the soil and traffic-related sources of particle matter between 1998 and 2007 in Santiago de Chile

Santiago de Chile is one of the most polluted South American cities, concentrating its pollution episodes during winter. Daily PM2.5 (particulate matter [PM] < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter) concentrations over 80 microg/m3 have been reached frequently since 1998. Despite several regulations introduced over the past 20 yr to improve the air quality, PM concentration levels remain high. In this work, sampling in downtown Santiago was conducted from April 1998 to August 2007 for PM2.5 and from October 2003 to March 2006 for PM10-2.5 (PM between 2.5 and 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter) with dichotomous samplers. Elemental analysis was performed on the samples with X-ray fluorescence. The resuming series of 859 samples and 216 elements identified were divided into semiannual periods and analyzed with factor analysis. Five factors are clearly discerned: soil, motor vehicles, residual oil, marine aerosols, and secondary sulfates. The soil factor in the fine fraction shows a clear increase from 2002 to 2006, whereas the coarse fraction of this factor shows a stable trend. The most probable cause for this trend is the growth in the number of vehicles in Santiago (6.5%/yr), which increases the resuspension of particles from the ground. Another cause for the increase is the growth in the construction activity (4.2%/yr). The motor vehicle factor in the fine fraction shows a decrease between 1998 and 2006. The decrease in the apportionment of this factor can be explained by the improvement in the vehicle fleet. In Santiago, the number of noncatalytic vehicles has been reduced from 389,000 in 2001 to 275,000 in 2006. The residual oil factor also shows a decrease between 1998 and 2006. The decrease could be attributed to the adoption of cleaner technologies and norms regarding gasoline and diesels.     

风险分析理论及方法在粮食生产中的应用初探

风险分析是通过对不确定事件的识别、衡量和处理 ,以最小的成本将各种不确定因素引起的损失减少到最低的科学管理办法。论文以风险理论为指导 ,初步探讨了粮食生产中的风险问题 ,并从粮食产量序列入手采用解析概率密度曲线积分的方法 ,着重研究某一粮食生产单元粮食产量序列的波动情况 ,定量地反映该地区粮食生产风险水平的高低状况 ,为发展生产、防灾减灾提供参考。     

宏基因组研究及其应用研究进展

传统的微生物培养方法损失了近乎99%的微生物资源,而宏基因组研究能够直接从环境中提取全部微生物基因组DNA,通过构建宏基因组文库并结合适当的筛选方法,得到目的基因及其表达蛋白,该研究能够最大限度地开发微生物的序列空间。文章简要概述了宏基因组研究的产生、原理及其在生态学方面的发展和对新基因资源的开发和利用。     

苯并(a)芘和芘的混合物暴露对梭鱼肝脏抗氧化酶活性的影响

在实验生态条件下，研究浓度范围从0.1-50μg/L的苯并（a)芘和芘的等浓度混合物暴露对梭鱼（Mugil so-iuy)肝脏抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示，对肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx)和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响主要表现出抑制效应。在暴露过程中，抗氧化酶活性也有出现短暂的诱导，高浓度组出现诱导的时间比低浓度组早。SOD和GPx活性的变化有一定的同步性。CAT活性在暴露早期出现诱导。抗氧化酶活性的变化间接反映了环境中氧化胁迫的存在。     

晋城市沁河流域秋季浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了摸清晋城沁河流域浮游植物的空间分布及关键驱动因子,于2020年10~11月对山西省晋城市沁河和丹河的62个采样点的浮游植物及环境因子进行调查分析.鉴定出浮游植物7门47种,由隐藻门、绿藻门、甲藻门、金藻门、硅藻门、蓝藻门和裸藻门组成.沁河的优势种为小球藻、啮蚀隐藻、尖尾蓝隐藻、具星小环藻、绿球藻和绿色裸藻.丹河的优势种为啮蚀隐藻、史密斯胸隔藻、绿色裸藻、具星小环藻、小球藻和矩圆囊裸藻.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H''）的范围0.35~3.15,均值为1.40,Pielou均匀度（J）的范围是0.24~1.00,均值是0.68.丹河浮游植物多样性指数高于沁河,沁河晋城段中游和丹河晋城段中下游浮游植物均匀度指数最低.典范对应分析结果表明：河岸缓冲区林地面积比例是影响沁河绿藻门绿球藻分布的主要驱动因子,绿色裸藻的分布主要受硝态氮、总磷和河岸林地面积比例的影响,具星小环藻的分布主要受城镇建设用地的面积比例和温度的影响,小球藻、啮蚀隐藻和尖尾蓝隐藻主要分布受农村聚落用地和耕地面积比例的影响.丹河啮蚀隐藻和具星小环藻的分布主要受pH和硫酸盐影响,绿色裸藻主要受河岸城镇建设和草地面积影响,矩圆囊裸藻主要受林地面积比例和Cl^-影响最大,史密斯胸隔藻的分布主要受水温和耕地面积比例影响最大,小球藻主要受氨氮和耕地面积影响最大.     

Contributions of adsorption,bioreduction and desorption to uranium immobilization by extracellular polymeric substances

● EPS immobilizes U(VI) via adsorption, bioreduction and desorption. ● This work provides a framework to quantify the three immobilization processes. ● The non-equilibrium adsorption of U follows pseudo-second-order kinetics. ● The equilibrium adsorption of U followed Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) can be immobilized by various microbes. The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in U(VI) immobilization has not been quantified. This work provides a model framework to quantify the contributions of three processes involved in EPS-mediated U(VI) immobilization: adsorption, bioreduction and desorption. Loosely associated EPS was extracted from a pure bacterial strain, Klebsiella sp. J1, and then exposed to H₂ and O₂ (no bioreduction control) to immobilize U(VI) in batch experiments. U(VI) immobilization was faster when exposed to H₂ than O₂ and stabilized at 94% for H₂ and 85% for O₂, respectively. The non-equilibrium data from the H₂ experiments were best simulated by a kinetic model consisting of pseudo-second-order adsorption (k_a = 2.87 × 10⁻³ g EPS·(mg U)⁻¹·min⁻¹), first-order bioreduction (k_b = 0.112 min⁻¹) and first-order desorption (k_d = 7.00 × 10⁻³ min⁻¹) and fitted the experimental data with R² of 0.999. While adsorption was dominant in the first minute of the experiments with H₂, bioreduction was dominant from the second minute to the 50^th min. After 50 min, adsorption was negligible, and bioreduction was balanced by desorption. This work also provides the first set of equilibrium data for U(VI) adsorption by EPS alone. The equilibrium experiments with O₂ were well simulated by both the Langmuir isotherm and the Freundlich isotherm, suggesting multiple mechanisms involved in the interactions between U(VI) and EPS. The thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption of U(VI) onto EPS was endothermic, spontaneous and favorable at higher temperatures.     

索状炸药与灭火弹在扑灭森林火灾上的应用效果分析

通过对索状炸药与灭火弹在扑灭森林火灾应用的效果分析,确定更适用于扑灭森林火灾的产品.