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301.
Reza Habibiandehkordi John N. Quinton Ben W. J. Surridge 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(21):12257-12269
Using industrial by-products (IBPs) in conjunction with buffer strips provides a potentially new strategy for enhancing soluble phosphorus (P) removal from agricultural runoff. Here, we investigate the feasibility of this approach by assessing the P sorption properties of IBPs at different solution-IBPs contact time (1–120 min) and solution pH (3, 5.5, 7.5), as well as possible adverse environmental effects including P desorption or heavy metal mobilisation from IBPs. Batch experiments were carried out on two widely available IBPs in the UK that demonstrated high P sorption capacity but different physicochemical characteristics, specifically ochre and Aluminium (Al) based water treatment residuals (Al-WTR). A series of kinetic sorption–desorption experiments alongside kinetic modelling were used to understand the rate and the mechanisms of P removal across a range of reaction times. The results of the kinetic experiments indicated that P was initially sorbed rapidly to both ochre and Al-WTR, followed by a second phase characterised by a slower sorption rate. The excellent fits of kinetic sorption data to a pseudo-second order model for both materials suggested surface chemisorption as the rate-controlling mechanism. Neither ochre nor Al-WTR released substantial quantities of either P or heavy metals into solution, suggesting that they could be applied to buffer strip soils at recommended rates (≤30 g kg?1 soil) without adverse environmental impact. Although the rate of P sorption by freshly-generated Al-WTR applied to buffer strips reduced following air-drying, this would not limit its practical application to buffer strips in the field if adequate contact time with runoff was provided. 相似文献
302.
303.
Introduction
It is predicted that demand for electricity in Islamic Republic of Iran will continue to increase dramatically in the future due to the rapid pace of economic development leading to construction of new power plants. At the present time, most of electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels which result in emission of great deal of pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHG) such as SO2, NOx, and CO2. The power industry is the largest contributor to these emissions. Due to minimal emission of GHG by renewable and nuclear power plants, they are most suitable replacements for the fossil-fueled power plants. However, the nuclear power plants are more suitable than renewable power plants in providing baseload electricity. The Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant, the only nuclear power plant of Iran, is expected to start operation in 2010. This paper attempts to interpret the role of Bushehr nuclear power plant (BNPP) in CO2 emission trend of power plant sector in Iran. 相似文献304.
As a large and diverse group of secondary metabolites, phenolic compounds are one of the most common chemical pollutants present in water resources. these compounds can have toxic effects on ecosystems and humans. Therefore, their removal from water sources appears to be of great importance. In this study, a magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) photocatalyst was synthesized and used to remove phenol from water. The fabricated GO magnetic nanocomposites were determined by SEM and FTIR techniques. Afterward, these nanoparticles were used to remove phenol from aquatic media considering different operational parameters, including pH of the solution, initial concentration of phenol, contact time, and adsorbent dosage. The results showed that the magnetized GO nanoparticles could remove 90.83% of phenol molecules under the optimal conditions of solution pH = 3.0, initial phenol concentration of 20 mg/L, adsorbent concentration of 300 mg/L, and contact time of 120 min. additionally have compared the results of UV, Fe3O4/GO, and Fe3O4/GO/UV on the removal of phenol under optimum conditions. Accordingly, the phenol removal efficiencies for UV alone, Fe3O4/GO, and Fe3O4/GO/UV were obtained at 4.5, 65.73, and 90.83%, respectively. Based on the findings, the prepared magnetic GO nanoparticles have extended capabilities such as easy and rapid separation from sample and high potential in removing phenolic compounds, so, it can be introduced as an appropriate adsorbent for removal of this pollutant from water and wastewater. 相似文献
305.
Hossein Reza Darabi Mohammad Reza Poorheravi Kioumars Aghapoor Asyeh Mirzaee Farshid Mohsenzadeh Nazafarin Asadollahnejad Hossein Taherzadeh Yadollah Balavar 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2012,10(1):5-12
Heterogeneous catalysts are used for control of environmental pollution. Heterogeneous catalysts are easily separated from
the reaction mixture, thus allowing their recovery and re-use. There is a need for catalysts that are efficient under mild
conditions. Here, we show that silica-supported antimony(III) chloride (SbCl3/SiO2) acts as a highly efficient heterogeneous Lewis acid catalyst for the Paal–Knorr pyrrole synthesis at room temperature. We
found that condensation of hexane-2,5-dione with aromatic and aliphatic primary amines in hexane using SbCl3/SiO2 with 7.6 wt% SbCl3 was the best reaction condition. The silica support facilitated the workup of the reaction mixture and provided a reusable
catalyst at least for 7 runs without significant loss in activity. Indeed, the yield was 98% for the first run and 84% for
the 7th run. We conclude that low catalyst loading, operational simplicity, practicability and applicability to various substrates
make this reaction an interesting alternative to previously applied procedures. From the environmental standpoint, this eco-friendly
catalyst is stable, highly active, easy to prepare and handle. 相似文献
306.
Hossein Reza Darabi Kioumars Aghapoor Abbas Darestani Farahani Farshid Mohsenzadeh 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2012,10(4):369-375
This investigation discloses a greener reaction to prepare pyrrole derivatives. Metal-free catalysts are greener alternatives to existing metal catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry. Indeed, transition metals are often costly and toxic. They may be found as traces in health reaction products such as pharmaceuticals. Alternatively small organic molecules termed “organocatalysts” allow the synthesis of valuable products without traces of toxic metals. Here, we show for the first time the use of vitamin B1 as new organocatalyst for the Paal–Knorr pyrrole synthesis under ambient conditions. Reaction conditions were optimized for the reaction of hexane-2,5-dione with 4-methoxyaniline. Ethanol was the most effective solvent. The conversion was quantitative using vitamin B1, by comparison with a low yield of 30?% without catalysis. The best conditions were performed in ethanol with 5?mol % of vitamin B1 during 1?h. This reaction was tested using various aromatic amines. To conclude the use of vitamin B1 for the Paal–Knorr pyrrole, cyclocondensation has mild reaction conditions, is simple to perform, and gives moderate to excellent yields. It is therefore a promising reaction for the preparation of various pyrrole derivatives. 相似文献
307.
Mohammad Reza Rezaei Kahkha Saeed Amanloo Massoud Kaykhaii 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2014,12(1):231-234
Plants are unique sources of useful metabolites. Plant essential oils display a wide range of antimicrobial effects against various pathogens. Here, we studied the essential oil from the seeds of Carum copticum. We monitored aflatoxin by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results show that Carum copticum essential oil inhibits Asergillus parasiticus growth and prevents aflatoxin production. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is 127.5 μg mL?1 for aflatoxin B1 and 23.22 μg mL?1 for aflatoxin G1. Our findings show that Carum copticum essential oil is a potential candidate for the protection of foodstuff and feeds from toxigenic fungus growth and their subsequent aflatoxin contamination. 相似文献
308.
Sahar Mohammadnabizadeh Alireza Pourkhabbaz Reza Afshari Mohsen Nowrouzi 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(6):1144-1151
The concentrations of four metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr) were determined in the muscles, gills, and livers of two edible fish species (Liza klunzingeri and Sillago sihama) caught from the Hara biosphere of Southern Iran. In both fish species, metal concentrations and bioaccumulation factors were in the sequence liver?>?gill?>?muscle. Bioaccumulation factors were found to be highest in S. sihama. The metal concentrations were descending in the order of Ni?>?Cr?>?Pb?>?Cd, except for muscle samples from S. sihama showing an inversion of Pb and Cr. There is a significant negative correlation between the concentrations of the metals in each tissue with length, weight, and age, except for muscle in L. klunzingeri. Some metal levels in the muscle exceeded the limits recommended by FAO, WHO, and FEPA. 相似文献
309.
Zahra Bahri-Kazempour Khosro Abdi Mojtaba Shakibaie Hamid Forootanfar Hossein Attar 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(1):118-126
In this investigation, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared by the alkalinization of an aqueous medium containing ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride. In the next step, a Fe3O4–AgCl magnetic nanocomposite was fabricated by the drop-by-drop addition of silver nitrate solution into a NaCl solution containing Fe3O4 MNPs. All prepared nanoparticles were characterized by transition electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Both particle types varied in size from 2.5 to 20?nm, with an average size of 7.5?nm for Fe3O4 MNPs and 12.5?nm for Fe3O4–AgCl nanocomposites. The antibacterial effect of the Fe3O4 MNPs and fabricated Fe3O4–AgCl nanocomposites against Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218) were investigated by conventional serial agar dilution method using the Müller–Hinton Agar medium. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 4?mg?mL?1 for Fe3O4 MNPs and 2?mg?mL?1 for the Fe3O4–AgCl magnetic nanocomposites. Time-kill course assays showed that the Fe3O4–AgCl magnetic nanocomposites successfully killed all inoculated bacterial cells during an exposure time of 60?min. The antibacterial activity of recycled Fe3O4–AgCl magnetic nanocomposites over four 60?min cycles of antibacterial treatment was further tested against E. coli by the colony-forming unit (CFU) method. The antibacterial efficiency of the nanocomposites was constant over two cycles of antibacterial testing. 相似文献
310.
Ali Mohammad Latifi Seyed Mohammad Nabavi Morteza Mirzaei Mahmood Tavalaei Hossein Ghafurian Claire Hellio 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(9):1670-1677
Cesium and mercury are two mono-valent elements which can be found in toxic industrial, medical, and nuclear wastes. Their presence in the environment has deleterious effects on the ecosystem, living organisms including humans. Due to the chemical nature of these metals, bioremediation by conventional methods is more difficult to achieve compared to other metals. In this study, we used three biosorbents (oak powder, gall nut, and bacterial exopolymer) for the bioremediation of Hg and Cs. Bio-polymer was produced in the GMS mineral broth. Synthetic wastes of Hg(NO3)2 and isotope Cs-133 as the single-metal solutions were used. The biorefining process was carried out in glass columns, made of Pyrex, with dimensions 20?×?7/2?cm2 with a V-shaped bottom. The samples were analyzed using atomic absorption. The experimental results showed that eliminated metal percent by oak powder, gall nut, and bacterial exopolymer were, respectively, of 94.8%, 96%, and 13.8% for Hg and 7.8%, 4.4%, and 69.4% for Cs. The tests revealed that Ca++, when used as flocculant, played a key role in both biosorption and bio-precipitation rates. Consequently, it was concluded that the investigated biosorbents could be use as an integrated biosorption system for the refinement of mixed wastes. 相似文献