海泡石、膨润土改性壳聚糖对景观水絮凝效果的研究

壳聚糖及海泡石、膨润土均是纯天然、无害物质,利用海泡石、膨润土等粘土改性壳聚糖制备生态絮凝剂是絮凝剂发展的重要方向,将其应用于景观水的治理,可以有效地改善景观水的观赏性.以苏州艺圃园林景观水为例,研究了两种改性絮凝剂的絮凝效果.苏州艺圃园林景观水内藻类以绿藻Chlorphyta为主,鉴于景观水的特殊观赏性,以浊度大小设定正交试验,得出了投放量、配比、醋酸用量、搅拌时间的最优值.试验证明海泡石、膨润土均对壳聚糖絮凝产生矾花的密实度和分形维数[1]有明显的增强效果,膨润土效果略好,克服了壳聚糖分子量较小、吸附架桥能力差、矾花不够密实的缺点.在最优条件下,这两种改性后的絮凝剂可使水样浊度降至5 NTU以下,叶绿素a的去除率达93％以上,明显好于单独使用壳聚糖絮凝剂的情况.随原水浊度的增加,浊度去除率缓慢减小,pH值在7.5～8.5之间浊度去除率最高,温度对絮凝效果影响不大.试验表明壳聚糖及海泡石、膨润土两种改性絮凝剂对景观水的治理和生态絮凝剂的制备具有指导意义.     

上海人工绿地群落UVB屏蔽效应与冠层特征的关系

由于大气污染等人为因素,到达地面的紫外辐射逐年增强,而绿地作为城市居民的重要休憩场所,营造健康的绿地辐射环境至关重要.通过研究上海人工绿地典型群落内UVB辐射的日进程,并以全光照旷地为对照分析比较群落UVB屏蔽效率,采用欧氏距离聚类分析方法,对群落UVB屏蔽效率和群落叶面积指数、枝下高等冠层特征因子的相关关系进行分析并总结影响屏蔽效率的群落结构因子,以期为营造健康的绿地休憩环境提供借鉴和参考.2007年7月6-8日期间对上海植物园8种类型群落和旷地2 m高处UVB辐射进行同步观测.对观测数据分析表明:1)所测定人工群落UVB平均屏蔽效率为91.1%,群落内2m高处UVB辐射通量仅为全光照旷地的14%.毛竹群落和女贞群落屏蔽效率最高,分别为98.5%,97.8%.2)不同植物群落UVB屏蔽效率在冠层特征梯度上表现出显著的分异,植物群落内UVB辐射通量与群落叶而积指数成显著负相关关系,与群落高度和枝下高呈显著正相关关系.3)在植被覆盖较少且紫外辐射地面反射较为强烈的游憩场所,可考虑种植叶倾角较小且叶面积较大的植物,如女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)、丹桂(Osmanthus fragrans)等.     

不同处理条件对石油污染土壤植物修复的影响

针对石油烃植物修复过程中的主要影响因素,研究了不同植物种类、不同土壤调理剂和菌剂使用等不同条件对土壤中石油烃植物修复效果的影响.结果表明,不同种类的植物修复可使总石油烃的年降解率达到37.8％ ～ 73.98％,其中大豆和碱蓬具有较好的修复效果;3种不同土壤调理剂对石油烃污染土壤修复的效果为商业添加剂＞牛粪＞蛭石;先微生物修复后种植植物的处理要优于单独的微生物修复及微生物、植物修复同步进行的处理.     

土地利用动态变化对地表径流的影响——以上海浦东新区为例

结合基于遥感数据获得的土地利用结果与SCS模型,在GIS环境下模拟了上海浦东新区不同阶段的土地利用/覆被变化对地表径流的影响.结果表明:土地利用结构与格局的变化使地表径流深度趋于增大;同时,在浦东新区城市化的不同时期,由土地利用/覆被变化引起的地表平均径流深度变化也不相同.     

小麦根际土壤汞的分布和形态变化

采用根际箱试验和连续化学萃取法,结合氢化物原子吸收光谱法,研究了非根际和根际土壤汞形态分布特征及小麦(Triticum aestivum)生长期土壤汞形态变化.结果表明.非根际汞形态分布顺序为:残渣态>强有机质结合态>碳酸盐铁锰氧化物结合态>腐殖酸络合态>水溶态>交换态,根际汞形态分布为:残渣态>碳酸盐铁锰氧化态>强有机质结合态>交换态>腐殖酸络合态>水溶态.当外源汞进入土壤后,在小麦生长60 d内,植物吸收使残渣态汞和水溶态汞含量明显降低,交换态汞和碳酸盐铁锰氧化态汞含量增加.土壤汞污染程度越大,在小麦中积累的汞就越多.其生物毒性增强,环境危害加大.     

Effects of salinity on soil bacterial and archaeal community in estuarine wetlands and its implications for carbon sequestration: verification in the Yellow River Delta

Soils from two typical tidal salt marshes with varied salinity in the Yellow River Delta wetland were analysed to determine possible effects of salinity on soil carbon sequestration through changes in soil microbiology. The mean soil respiration (SR) of the salt water–fresh water mixing zone (MZ) was 2.89 times higher than that of the coastal zone (CZ) (4.73 and 1.63?μmol?m^?2?s^?1, respectively, p?Pseudomonas sp. and Limnobacter sp. that might have led to its higher dehydrogenase activity and respiratory rates. Additionally, the CZ possessed more Halobacteria and Thaumarchaeota with the ability to fix CO₂ than the MZ. Significantly lower soil salinity in MZ (4.25?g?kg^?1) was suitable for β-Proteobacteria, but detrimental for Halobacteria compared with CZ (7.09?g?kg^?1, p?相似文献   

A real-time,dynamic early-warning model based on uncertainty analysis and risk assessment for sudden water pollution accidents

A real-time, dynamic, early-warning model (EP-risk model) is proposed to cope with sudden water quality pollution accidents affecting downstream areas with raw-water intakes (denoted as EPs). The EP-risk model outputs the risk level of water pollution at the EP by calculating the likelihood of pollution and evaluating the impact of pollution. A generalized form of the EP-risk model for river pollution accidents based on Monte Carlo simulation, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, and the risk matrix method is proposed. The likelihood of water pollution at the EP is calculated by the Monte Carlo method, which is used for uncertainty analysis of pollutants’ transport in rivers. The impact of water pollution at the EP is evaluated by expert knowledge and the results of Monte Carlo simulation based on the analytic hierarchy process. The final risk level of water pollution at the EP is determined by the risk matrix method. A case study of the proposed method is illustrated with a phenol spill accident in China.     

一体化间歇曝气完全混合活性污泥法

一体化间歇曝气完全混合活性污泥法处理装置采取特殊的沉淀区构造,改变了活性污泥的循环流动方式,通过间歇曝气,反应区交替处于好氧/缺氧状态,达到了有机物高效去除、高效硝化反硝化及控制污泥膨胀的效果.该方法具有出水水质好、运行稳定、能耗低、流程简洁和操作管理方便的特点,是一种很有发展潜力的一体化中小型生活污水、城市污水处理系统.     

路面径流的大肠菌群污染及其雨水花园处理

调查了上海市区路面径流中大肠菌群的污染状况,分析了径流中大肠菌群含量的主要影响因素,采用雨水花园模拟柱,考察雨水花园对城市路面径流中大肠菌群的去除效果。结果表明,上海市区地面道路径流中总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群的均值分别为2.28×106、9.48×105cfu/100 m L,污染较严重,径流中大肠菌群含量与气温呈正相关;雨水花园对径流中大肠菌群具有良好的去除效果,不同模拟柱平均去除率范围在92.4%~99.5%。填料深度和水力停留时间是影响雨水花园对大肠菌群去除效果的主要因素。长期运行后,填料中没有大肠菌群的积累,雨水花园对大肠菌群的去除效果可保持长期稳定。     

Sulfamethoxazole sorption by sediment fractions in comparison to pyrene and bisphenol A

The environmental behavior of antibiotics has attracted great research attention. However, their sorption mechanisms in soils/sediments are still unknown. Comparison of the sorption properties between the widely-studied hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) and antibiotics may provide valuable insight to antibiotic sorption mechanisms. Thus, in this study batch experiments for pyrene (PYR), bisphenol A (BPA), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) sorption were conducted on a sediment sample and its separated fractions. Our results showed the high sorption of PYR on black carbon and organic matter. Although high sorption of SMX was observed for both separated organic fractions (humic acids) and inorganic mineral particles, the original sediment particles showed relatively low sorption. Competitive sorption between SMX and dissolved humic acid on mineral particles was observed in this study. This competitive interaction is a unique process for antibiotic sorption in soils/sediments compared with apolar HOCs and may be one of the important factors controlling the antibiotic sorption.