An integrated chemical mass balance and source emission inventory model for the source apportionment of PM2.5 in typical coastal areas

The source apportionment of PM_2.5 is essential for pollution prevention. In view of the weaknesses of individual models, we proposed an integrated chemical mass balance-source emission inventory (CMB-SEI) model to acquire more accurate results. First, the SEI of secondary component precursors (SO₂, NO_x, NH₃, and VOCs) was compiled to acquire the emission ratios of these sources for the precursors. Then, a regular CMB simulation was executed to obtain the contributions of primary particle sources and secondary components (SO₄^2?, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, and SOC). Afterwards, the contributions of secondary components were apportioned into primary sources according to the source emission ratios. The final source apportionment results combined the contributions of primary sources by CMB and SEI. This integrated approach was carried out via a case study of three coastal cities (Zhoushan, Taizhou, and Wenzhou; abbreviated WZ, TZ, and ZS) in Zhejiang Province, China. The regular CMB simulation results showed that PM_2.5 pollution was mainly affected by secondary components and mobile sources. The SEI results indicated that electricity, industrial production and mobile sources were the largest contributors to the emission of PM_2.5 gaseous precursors. The simulation results of the CMB-SEI model showed that PM_2.5 pollution in the coastal areas of Zhejiang Province presented complex pollution characteristics dominated by mobile sources, electricity production sources and industrial production sources. Compared to the results of the CMB and SEI models alone, the CMB-SEI model completely apportioned PM_2.5 to primary sources and simultaneously made the results more accurate and reliable in accordance with local industrial characteristics.     

Kinetic and mechanism studies of the ozonolysis of three unsaturated ketones

Reaction rate constants and products of 1-octen-3-one, 3-octen-2-one and 4-hexen-3-one with ozone were studied in a 100-L fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon film bag using absolute rate method at 298 ± 1 K and atmospheric pressure. The rate constants were (1.09 ± 0.12) × 10^?17, (3.48 ± 0.36) × 10^?17 and (5.70 ± 0.60) × 10^?17 cm³/(molecule?sec), respectively. According to the obtained rate constants, the effects of carbonyl were discussed. The carbonyl group in β position has a net withdrawing effect with respect to an olefinic bond, then causing the decline of rate constants. The quantum chemical calculation was used to explain the results of rate constants. The products of ozonolysis were mainly aldehydes, which have significant influence on the formation of SOA, and hence play an important role in the atmosphere. In this work, we detected the main products of reaction and proposed the reaction mechanism by combining the results of quantum chemical calculations. Atmospheric lifetime for three unsaturated ketones reacted with ozone was 36.4, 11.4 and 6.9 hr for 1-octen-3-one, 3-octen-2-one and 4-hexen-3-one, respectively.     

低通时序滤波轨线法在太湖营养过程识别中的应用

环境背景条件变化会导致湖泊ρ（Chla）与环境因子响应关系发生变化.采用低通时序滤波轨线方法可以方便地识别ρ（Chla）与环境因子响应关系的时间转折点,将长时间序列数据进行分段,从而建立分段回归函数,为研究环境因子与湖泊ρ（Chla）的因果关系提供了一种新的思路.以太湖为研究对象,采用低通时序滤波轨线方法,评估了2001—2018年太湖的ρ（Chla）与营养盐〔ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）〕以及氮磷比〔ρ（TN）/ρ（TP）〕的变化过程,研究了年均气温、滞留时间对产藻效率〔ρ（Chla）/ρ（TP）〕的影响过程.结果表明:①2006年、2011年为太湖营养过程轨线的两个时间转折点,将太湖的营养过程轨线分为3段.第1段为污染阶段（2001—2006年）,太湖的ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）、ρ（Chla）同步升高,于2006年达到第一个峰值;第2段为修复阶段（2006—2011年）,太湖的ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）、ρ（Chla）同步降低,于2011年达到谷值;第3段为富营养化加剧阶段（2011—2018年）,太湖的ρ（TN）呈下降趋势,ρ（TP）与ρ（Chla）同步升高,至今未出现转折点.②太湖藻类生长的限值因子为ρ（TP）,2011年之后氮磷比进入浮游藻类适宜生长区,为蓝藻暴发提供了条件.③2011—2018年产藻效率增长了51%,且目前仍在升高未出现转折点,气温升高可能是主要原因.④依据2011—2018年的滤波值建立ρ（Chla）-ρ（TP）的函数预测,为控制蓝藻暴发〔ρ（Chla） < 10 mg/m3〕,太湖的ρ（TP）需要控制在52 μg/L以下.⑤2006年后,太湖的滞留时间呈现缩短趋势,对藻类的繁殖形成抑制,但滞留时间不是影响产藻效率的关键因子.研究显示:自2006年太湖流域实施一系列生态修复工程后,湖泊氮浓度明显降低,但由于流域氮磷排放量较大而且湖体沉积物中累积磷含量较高,致使水体营养盐水平仍未降到能显著抑制蓝藻生长的水平;目前气温升高趋势仍在持续,太湖的控藻形势严峻,为摆脱气候变暖对蓝藻水华趋势的决定作用,应当在控氮基础上加大控磷的力度,同时更多考虑水文调节、生物修复、加强打捞等措施.      

CANON生物膜载体储存及活性恢复研究

采用不同活性恢复手段研究了短期低温（20d,15℃）储存及常温（25℃）低负荷运行后,CANON-MBBR反应器的活性恢复效果.结果显示,CANON悬浮载体经短期低温储存后,通过先恢复温度后缓慢提高进水负荷的方式可使其TN去除负荷恢复率达到102%.若在温度未恢复的基础上直接将进水负荷提升至原水平运行,CANON悬浮载体生物膜将无法维持正常的EPS含量而易发生脱膜现象,致使TN去除负荷恢复率仅为84%.另外,系统有一定基质浓度的基础上,经过25d常温（25℃）低负荷SBR运行后,通过同样的恢复手段可使TN去除负荷恢复率达到96%.通过微生物菌群分析,确定CANON-MBBR系统中功能微生物优势菌属分别为Nitrosomonas和Candidatus Kuenenia,采取合适的恢复手段使系统进入稳定运行阶段后,两者丰度均可分别达到11%以上及27%以上,且悬浮载体脱膜并未对微生物组成造成明显影响.     

Impact of environmental factors on gastric cancer: A review of the scientific evidence, human prevention and adaptation

Globally, gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth in prevalence and third in fatalities, and shows a distinct geographical distribution in morbidity and mortality. Such a spatial pattern indicates that environmental factors could be an important contributor to GC. We reviewed a total of 135 relevant peer-reviewed articles and other literature published 1936–2019 to investigate the scientific evidence concerning the effects of environmental factors on GC worldwide. Environmental factors affect GC from the aspects of water, soil, air, radiation, and geology. Risk factors identified include water type, water pollution, water hardness, soil type, soil pollution, soil element content, climate change, air pollution, radiation, altitude, latitude, topography, and lithology; and most of them have an adverse impact on GC. Furthermore, we found that their effects followed five common rules: (1) the leading environmental factors that affect GC incidence and mortality vary by region, (2) the same environmental factors may have different effects on GC in different regions, (3) some different environmental factors have similar effects on GC in essence, (4) different environmental factors often interact to have combined or synergistic effects on GC, and (5) environmental factors can affect human factors to have an impact on GC. Environmental factors have a great impact on GC. Human beings may prevent GC by controlling carcinogenic factors, screening high-risk populations and providing symptomatic and rehabilitative treatments. Furthermore, adaptation measures are recommended to reduce GC risk on private and public levels. Future studies should transcend existing empirical studies to develop causal relationship models and focus on vulnerable population analysis.     

典型结构单轴和三轴振动响应对比研究

目的研究单轴振动与三轴振动对典型结构振动响应的不同影响。方法通过单轴振动及三轴振动的对比实验,以典型结构悬臂梁为研究对象,利用加速度响应测量法及动应变测量法,从不同角度研究单轴振动和三轴振动对试品造成的不同影响。结果相比于单轴振动,在三轴振动下试品谐振点发生改变的同时,谐振峰响应也更为明显。另外,由于三轴同振叠加耦合作用的影响,三轴振动下试品的响应量级也略大于单轴振动。结论单轴振动与三轴振动对试品会产生不同的考核效果。     

农业非点源污染研究方法分析

非点源污染受到人们越来越多的重视,尤以农业非点源污染为重。该文在对农业非点源污染的来源、特征介绍的基础上,对国内外农业非点源污染负荷模拟模型进行了梳理,根据国内学者对入河系数、农田种植、畜禽养殖和农村生活等方面的研究做了概述,并在流域监测、3S技术、污染源区识别以及多领域结合等方面对整个农业非点源污染负荷的研究进行了建议和展望,最后对该文所述进行了总结。     

基于层次分析法的矿山地质环境影响评价研究

对治理区矿山开发过程中的地质状况进行实地调研,对治理区所处的矿山地质条件及矿山环境等展开了讨论。在此基础上,运用层次分析法对矿山地质环境影响作出定量的分析评价,文中选取目标层、标准层、指标层三个层次影响因子,计算影响因子的权重,从而得出最终影响矿山地质环境影响的结果。在定性分析的基础上,将定性分析与定量分析相结合,为后续治理区矿山开发工作研究提供借鉴意义。