Leaching characteristics and phytotoxic effects of sewage sludge biochar

Biochar was prepared via the pyrolysis of sewage sludge at temperatures ranging from 300 to 900 °C and the physical–chemical compositions of the biochars obtained were analyzed. Leaching tests were conducted using the biochars to investigate the release of the constituents and their phytotoxic effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds in a germination test. Multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the contributions of the constituents to the germination index (GI). The results showed that the biochars were rich in micronutrient contents and they improved the germination of wheat. The heavy metal contents were higher in the biochars than the sewage sludge and their levels increased with the pyrolysis temperature, but they were within the acceptable limits for land application, thereby suggesting that sewage sludge is suitable for use as a biochar substrate. The different components of the biochar leachates could promote and inhibit the germination of wheat seeds, where the GI was promoted at lower concentrations but inhibited at higher concentrations. Our results suggest that biochar is an effective and environmentally friendly fixative for the immobilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge when applied to land or disposed of in landfill, but its ecotoxicity needs to be assessed to ensure its environmental safety.     

中国灾害性对流天气日数的时空变化特征

采用1961~2016年中国2 481站的冰雹、大风、雷暴和闪电日数数据,利用多种数理统计方法,分析了中国4种灾害性对流天气日数时空分布特征、周期变化规律和气候突变特征。结果表明：（1）在时间上,中国4种灾害性对流天气日数呈减少趋势,且冰雹和雷暴日数具有“先增 后减”的分段变化特征。中国冰雹、大风、雷暴和闪电日数分别具有3~5 a、2~3 a、1~2 a和1~4 a左右的振荡周期,且冰雹和雷暴日数分别于2002和1992年发生突变。（2）在空间上,青藏高原 四川西部地区是冰雹、大风和雷暴日数的高值分布区。同时长江以南地区也是雷暴日数的高值分布区。华南及其同纬度的西南地区是闪电日数的高值分布区。（3）在趋势上,中国冰雹日数主要在青藏高原地区呈减少趋势。大风日数变化趋势呈东部减少 中部不变 西部增减镶嵌的空间格局。雷暴日数在西藏、华北、重庆、浙江和黑龙江西北部呈增加趋势。中国闪电日数变化趋势在长江以南地区减少明显。（4）在波动上,中国冰雹日数在东南地区波动较大,大风日数在胡焕庸线以东波动较大。中国雷暴日数波动特征呈西北高 东南低的空间格局,闪电日数除在新疆北部和华南地区波动动较小外,其它地区波动相对较大。     

ZnO NPs对水培小麦(Triticum aestivum L)种子不同发育阶段的影响

氧化锌纳米颗粒(ZnO NPs)是目前应用最为广泛的纳米材料之一,已有研究表明其对生物体具有显著的毒性效应。为了研究ZnO NPs的毒性与种子发育阶段的关系,选择小麦(Triticum aestivum L)作为受试植物,将处于不同发育阶段的小麦种子置入ZnO NPs悬浮液中进行培养,研究了ZnO NPs对水培小麦种子不同发育阶段的影响。结果表明,虽然ZnO NPs对处于吸胀阶段、萌动阶段和发芽阶段的小麦都可以产生毒性,但是毒性的大小随小麦发育阶段的不同而表现出明显的差异(P0.05)。在60 mg·L-1暴露浓度下,用ZnO NPs对处于吸胀阶段、萌动阶段和发芽阶段的小麦种子进行处理,小麦根长的抑制率分别为37.8%、80.2%和95.7%;就萌动阶段和发芽阶段而言,ZnO NPs的毒性与其浓度有关,浓度越大毒性越大,即具有显著的浓度效应。上述研究结果对于全面准确地评价ZnO NPs毒性具有重要的意义。     

Characterization and speciation of mercury in mosses and lichens from the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau

The accumulation and species of mercury (Hg) in mosses and lichens collected from high-altitude Tibetan Plateau were studied. The altitudes of the sampling sites spanned from 1983 to 5147 m, and a total of 130 mosses and 52 lichens were analyzed. The total mercury (THg) contents in mosses and lichens were in the ranges of 13.1–273.0 and 20.2–345.9 ng/g, respectively. The average ratios of methylmercury (MeHg) in THg in mosses and lichens were 2.4 % (0.3–11.1 %) and 2.7 % (0.4–9.6 %), respectively, which were higher than those values reported in other regions. The contents of THg in both mosses and lichens were not correlated with the THg in soils (p > 0.05). The lipid contents displayed a significantly positive correlation with concentrations of MeHg in mosses (r = 0.461, p < 0.01, n = 90), but not in lichens. The correlations between Hg contents in mosses and the altitudes, latitudes and longitudes of sampling sites indicated the mountain trapping and spatial deposition of Hg in the Tibetan Plateau.     

新标准促进安全鞋“走出去”——GB 21148-2020《足部防护安全鞋》解读

1 标准任务的来源 根据2016年强制性标准整合精简结论,对GB21148-2007《个体防护装备安全鞋》、GB 21147-2007《个体防护装备防护鞋》、GB 21146-2007《个体防护装备职业鞋》、GB 12011-2009《足部防护电绝缘鞋》4项标准提出整合修订,并继续作为强制性标准执行. 2017年12月...     

绿创:充满活力的朝阳企业

一张傲人的业绩表 打开北京绿创环保集团的网页,你看到的是一长串的工程案例.试举其间一、二为例,均是重量级的项目:首都机场航站楼噪声控制工程;中国大剧院环保工程;"神六"项目声学工程;首都钢铁公司脱硫除尘项目;北京轻型汽车厂有机废气治理项目;全国人大会议楼噪声治理工程等.     

蒽醌废水生化处理的活性污泥驯化

通过比较不同的污泥驯化方法研究了活性污泥法处理蒽醌废水的可行性.结果表明,常规的CODCr负荷提升法需要50 d才可以驯化出活性污泥.在进水中添加1 g/L葡萄糖可以快速提高污泥浓度,但是驯化出的污泥活性很低,不能满足废水的处理要求.最好的方法是添加1 g/L葡萄糖和原废水交叉循环驯化法,第28天就可以驯化出高活性的污泥.在平均进水CODCr为1 050 mg/L、HRT为24 h的条件下,CODCr去除率达到95.6%.     

Leaching of carbonated air pollution control residues using compliance leaching tests

The leaching characteristics of air pollution control (APC) residues collected in Shanghai, China, were compared by performing three compliance leaching tests. These were the standard Chinese method for determining the leaching toxicity of solid waste (GB 5086.1-1997), the USEPA's Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and the new European shake test (EN 12457-3). In particular, behaviors of raw samples and samples that had been subjected to natural aging were compared. Both the leaching tests and natural aging substantially affected the leaching results concerning the APC residue samples. Most importantly, EN and GB tests classified the raw APC residues as hazardous, but the residues passed the TCLP test as nonhazardous. After it had been naturally aged for 720 h, however, the aged sample was classified as hazardous by the TCLP and EN tests, but as nonhazardous by the GB test. Metals that are thought to have been immobilized by carbonation were released at pH 6.3. Model calculations based on the geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2 revealed that the formation of metal carbonates did not correspond to the noted change in the leaching behaviors in the three leaching tests. Rather, the partial neutralization of alkaline ash by dissolved CO2 changing the final pH of the leachate dominated the leaching characteristics. The leaching results showed a change in leachate pH.     

Spatial distribution and potential ecologic risk assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of the Nansi Lake in China

The contamination levels and ecological risks of heavy metals in the sediments of the Nansi Lake were investigated. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Co in the surface sediments collected at 20 sites ranged from 0.08 to 1.12, 58.92 to 135.62, 38.09 to 78.65, 24.51 to 53.95, 110.51 to 235.36, 11.30 to 65.40, and 4.12 to 20.14 mg/kg, respectively. The results of partitioning analysis revealed that the proportions of soluble and exchangeable fraction were less than 1 %, the proportions of carbonate, amorphous oxides, organic matter, and crystalline oxides fraction were less than 10 %, and 10.52 % of Cd was associated with carbonate. The average proportions in the residual fraction ranged from 48.62 % for Cu to 73.76 % for Ni, indicating low mobility and bioavailability. The geoaccumulation index (I _geo), relative enrichment factor (REF), sediment pollution index (SPI), and potential effect concentration quotient (PECQ) values of the heavy metals in the sediments were not in agreement with each another. The average REF values of Cd and Zn were higher than those of other metals. However, the average PECQ values were higher for Cr and Ni than those of other metals, indicating that these two metals would cause higher adverse biological effects. Therefore, it is suggested that future management and pollution control might focus on Cd, Zn, Cr, and Ni in the sediments of the Nansi Lake.     

供水厂水质状况分析

通过对西江某供水厂的水源水与出厂水水质进行分析研究 ,可知供水厂的水处理效果主要表现在对降低出水的浊度、色度和总细菌数等指标上 ,对大部分水溶性物质的减少无效或效果较低。为保证和提高饮用水的安全性和水质 ,除需提高供水厂的水处理效果和能力外 ,根本出路在于从环境管理与立法等角度 ,加大对水源水的保护力度 ,减少对饮用水源的排污