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631.
China’s new Classification-Based Forest Management (CFM) is a two-class system, including Commodity Forest (CoF) and Ecological
Welfare Forest (EWF) lands, so named according to differences in their distinct functions and services. The purposes of CFM
are to improve forestry economic systems, strengthen resource management in a market economy, ease the conflicts between wood
demands and public welfare, and meet the diversified needs for forest services in China. The formative process of China’s
CFM has involved a series of trials and revisions. China’s central government accelerated the reform of CFM in the year 2000
and completed the final version in 2003. CFM was implemented at the provincial level with the aid of subsidies from the central
government. About a quarter of the forestland in China was approved as National EWF lands by the State Forestry Administration
in 2006 and 2007. Logging is prohibited on National EWF lands, and their landowners or managers receive subsidies of about
70 RMB (US$10) per hectare from the central government. CFM represents a new forestry strategy in China and its implementation
inevitably faces challenges in promoting the understanding of forest ecological services, generalizing nationwide criteria
for identifying EWF and CoF lands, setting up forest-specific compensation mechanisms for ecological benefits, enhancing the
knowledge of administrators and the general public about CFM, and sustaining EWF lands under China’s current forestland tenure
system. CFM does, however, offer a viable pathway toward sustainable forest management in China. 相似文献
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Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability was determined and the fate of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix in mesophilic anaerobic digestion after ultrasonic pretreatment was studied. Characteristics of proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS), excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular weight (MW) distribution of dissolved organic matters (DOM) in different EPS fractions were evaluated. The results showed that after ultrasonic pretreatment, the normalized capillary suction time (CST) decreased from 44.4 to 11.1 (sec·L)/g total suspended solids (TSS) during anaerobic digestion, indicating that sludge dewaterability was greatly improved. The normalized CST was significantly correlated with PN concentration (R2 = 0.92, p 0.01) and the PN/PS ratio (R2 = 0.84, p 0.01) in the loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) fraction. Meanwhile, the average MW of DOM in the LB- EPS and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) fractions also had a good correlation with the normalized CST (R2 0.66, p 0.01). According to EEM fluorescence spectroscopy, tryptophan-like substances intensities in the slime, LB-EPS and TB-EPS fractions were correlated with the normalized CST. The organic matters in the EPS matrix played an important role in influencing sludge dewaterability. 相似文献
635.
黄土高原沟壑区森林和草地小流域水文行为的比较研究 总被引:40,自引:4,他引:40
分析了黄土高原沟壑区森林小流域和自然草地小流域的水文效应,并利用实测资料和模型计算结果比较了两流域的水循环特点,结果发现在郁闭度相同的情况下,森林小流域较自然草地小流域有较小的径流量、较大的蒸散量和较低的3m土层平均含水量,也就是说森林的覆盖增强了水分小循环,削弱了水文大循环,并导致土壤含水量降低。同时也发现森林的上述水文效应仅当其郁闭度达到一定程度时才能表现出来。通过比较两类生态系统植物生长的土壤水分环境条件和水分利用率,认为黄土高原沟壑区在大力发展林业时应以沟谷为主 相似文献
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北京市西北城区取暖期环境大气中PM10的物理化学特征 总被引:17,自引:2,他引:17
根据监测资料探讨了北京市西北城区取暖期PM10的逐日变化规律和日变化规律.分别使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究PM10中的矿物成分及其微观形貌特征.结果表明夜间PM10浓度普遍高于白天.XRD分析显示颗粒物粒度越细,其中所含的矿物种类越少.SEM研究得出,单个PM10颗粒类型可初步分为有链状集合体、簇状集合体、圆球状、片状和不规则形状等5类.从数量上看,PM10主要来自燃煤和汽车尾气. 相似文献
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