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211.
This study was a basic one to explore how much the aerodynamic characteristics of wind blade improve. The extent of improvement according to the shapes of groove placed on the surface of airfoil (NACA0015) was analyzed through computational analysis. A commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, the ANSYS Fluent 13, was used in this study. In this study, regarding with the positions and shapes of groove, the end of groove was placed at a certain distance (length, l) from both the front and back of separation starting point, the depth and the width were designated as h and d respectively. Analysis was conducted at the 7° angle of attack under the following conditions; the thickness (δ) of boundary layer to the depth (h) of groove ratio (h/δ) 0.6–1.0, the depth (h) of groove to the width (d) of groove ratio (h/d) 0.1–1.4, and the length (l) between the end of groove and separation point to the thickness (δ) of boundary layer ratio (l/δ) ?0.5–0.5. Among these conditions, the best improvement of lift to drag ratio, standing at 15.3%, was under h/δ = 1.0, h/d = 0.12, and l/δ = –0.5 (7° AOA, Re = 360k). In addition, throughout the range of angle of attack, 2–14°, lift to drag ratio improved by 0.8%, 5.1%, 3.2%, and 1.8% each when Reynolds numbers were 280k, 360k, 450k, and 530k. It is also confirmed that the shape of groove contributed to recovering velocity around airfoil wall and the lift to drag ratio improvements by groove were maintained at the given range of Reynolds number and around the angle of attack, 7°. 相似文献
212.
213.
Benchmarking Optical/Thermal Satellite Imagery for Estimating Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture in Decision Support Tools 下载免费PDF全文
Jan M.H. Hendrickx Richard G. Allen Al Brower Aaron R. Byrd Sung‐ho Hong Fred L. Ogden Nawa Raj Pradhan Clarence W. Robison David Toll Ricardo Trezza Todd G. Umstot John L. Wilson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(1):89-119
Generally, one expects evapotranspiration (ET) maps derived from optical/thermal Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery to improve decision support tools and lead to superior decisions regarding water resources management. However, there is lack of supportive evidence to accept or reject this expectation. We “benchmark” three existing hydrologic decision support tools with the following benchmarks: annual ET for the ET Toolbox developed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation, predicted rainfall‐runoff hydrographs for the Gridded Surface/Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis model developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the average annual groundwater recharge for the Distributed Parameter Watershed Model used by Daniel B. Stephens & Associates. The conclusion of this benchmark study is that the use of NASA/USGS optical/thermal satellite imagery can considerably improve hydrologic decision support tools compared to their traditional implementations. The benefits of improved decision making, resulting from more accurate results of hydrologic support systems using optical/thermal satellite imagery, should substantially exceed the costs for acquiring such imagery and implementing the remote sensing algorithms. In fact, the value of reduced error in estimating average annual groundwater recharge in the San Gabriel Mountains, California alone, in terms of value of water, may be as large as $1 billion, more than sufficient to pay for one new Landsat satellite. 相似文献
214.
三峡库区重庆段土壤保持服务时空分布格局研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
土壤保持是生态系统服务与功能的重要组成,在防止土壤侵蚀、减少径流泥沙与农业面源污染等方面具有至关重要的作用。以对国家生态安全具有重要作用的土壤保持生态功能区——三峡库区重庆段为研究区域,研究得到了2000~2013年时间序列区域土壤保持服务"流量"结果,结果表明:(1)三峡库区重庆段多年平均土壤保持量为604.39 t/hm~2·a,沿长江干流自西向东逐渐增强,区域差异显著;(2)三峡库区的土壤保持服务存在明显的垂直分异特征,随着高程的增加,以300 m与900 m为节点,出现递减-递增-递减的分段规律,与人类活动存在明显的相关关系;(3)增加森林覆被面积是改善区域土壤保持、减少水土流失的重要举措。同时,在三峡库区开展坡改梯工程,减少坡耕地的数量能够有效控制区域水土流失; 相似文献
215.
Wei Gao Dennis P. Swaney Bongghi Hong Robert W. Howarth Yong Liu Huaicheng Guo 《Ambio》2015,44(7):635-646
The environmental degradation of lakes in China has become increasingly serious over the last 30 years and eutrophication resulting from enhanced nutrient inputs is considered a top threat. In this study, a quasi-mass balance method, net anthropogenic N inputs (NANI), was introduced to assess the human influence on N input into three typical Chinese lake basins. The resultant NANI exceeded 10 000 kg N km−2 year−1 for all three basins, and mineral fertilizers were generally the largest sources. However, rapid urbanization and shrinking agricultural production capability may significantly increase N inputs from food and feed imports. Higher percentages of NANI were observed to be exported at urban river outlets, suggesting the acceleration of NANI transfer to rivers by urbanization. Over the last decade, the N inputs have declined in the basins dominated by the fertilizer use but have increased in the basins dominated by the food and feed import. In the foreseeable future, urban areas may arise as new hotspots for nitrogen in China while fertilizer use may decline in importance in areas of high population density.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0638-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献216.
腐植酸强化苯酚厌氧发酵降解 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在无外加电子受体的条件下,首次研究了腐植酸对活性污泥厌氧降解苯酚的影响。研究结果表明,腐植酸Suwannee River Humic Acid Standard(SR-HA)、Leonardite Humic Acid Standard(L-HA)和Pahokee Peat Humic Acid(PP-HA)作为氧化还原介体能够提高苯酚的厌氧发酵降解效率。其中腐植酸PP-HA对苯酚的厌氧降解表现出了最为明显的强化效果,反应进行36 h后,苯酚去除率提高了18.5%。当单独投加的PP-HA浓度在0至100 mg/L范围内,苯酚的厌氧降解效率随着腐植酸浓度增加而逐渐提高,而浓度大于100 mg/L后,腐植酸对苯酚降解效率的促进作用随着PP-HA浓度的增加逐渐减缓。除此之外,当低浓度的蒽醌-2-磺酸钠(AQS)(0.02 m M)和PP-HA(20 mg/L)在反应体系中共存时,相比于无介体存在的对照组,苯酚厌氧降解效率提高了约1.4倍。产物分析结果表明,乙酸和CH4作为苯酚发酵降解的重要产物被检测出来。最后,在氧化还原介体腐植酸的存在下,初步探讨了苯酚厌氧发酵降解的代谢途径。 相似文献
217.
四溴双酚A(TBBPA)是全球消耗量最大的溴系阻燃剂。通过活性物质的定位、分离和TBBPA产物的分析等步骤,对Pseudomonas sp.fz胞外分离物降解TBBPA进行了研究。结果表明,存在于胞外的活性物质通过异丙基断裂和脱溴两条途径降解TBBPA。通过超滤,Sephadex G-10分离纯化得到了具有降解活性的小分子物质,分子量约为376~456 Da,初步鉴定为短肽类物质。这种小分子物质具有很好的热稳定性(30~80℃),在弱酸性条件下(2.0~5.0)活性较高,其活性还受金属离子、氧气和抑制剂(Na N3)的影响。此外,部分纯化的小分子物质在一定条件下能够产生羟基自由基(·OH)。 相似文献
218.
219.
针对零星居民点的污水处理,开发了射流曝气周期活性污泥法工艺.它是一种连续进水、周期性间歇曝气的改良型SBR工艺,也是一种时间程序和空间程序相结合的污水处理工艺,具有良好的脱氮除磷效果.试验表明,在水力负荷4 m3/d,曝气周期为每2 h曝气15 min、静置105 min的条件下,出水COD为48.8~53.5 mg/L,去除率达79.4%~80.5%;出水TN为2.81~3.98 mg/L,去除率达82.4%~89.4%;出水NH3-N为0.36~0.78 mg/L,去除率高达96.4%~98.4%;出水TP为0.63~1.18 mg/L,去除率为67.2%~78.9%,均可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级B排放标准. 相似文献
220.
污泥是城市污水处理厂的副产物,若处理不当,将会带来一系列严重的环境问题.实验采用低强度超声波对剩余活性污泥(WAS)的好氧消化过程进行强化,选取超声强度、超声时间、超声间隔3个因素设计正交实验.结果表明,经超声辐照的WAS,其好氧消化时间最短仅约为13 d,比未经超声辐照的缩短了18.00 d.对实验结果的极差分析和方差分析表明,低强度超声波强化WAS好氧消化的最佳参数为:超声强度1.0 W/cm2、超声时间10 min、超声间隔8 h.实验还研究了WAS达标前后溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)和总化学需氧量(TCOD)的变化情况,发现在相对较短的处理时间内,经低强度超声波强化处理的WAS的TCOD降解率仍然能与对照相近甚至高于对照,主要原因是低强度超声波强化了微生物的新陈代谢,促进了其对有机物的吸收分解. 相似文献