Modeling vehicle emissions in different types of Chinese cities: importance of vehicle fleet and local features

We propose a method to simulate vehicle emissions in Chinese cities of different sizes and development stages. Twenty two cities are examined in this study. The target year is 2007. Among the cities, the vehicle emission factors were remarkably different (the highest is 50-90% higher than the lowest) owing to their distinct local features and vehicle technology levels, and the major contributors to total vehicle emissions were also different. A substantial increase in vehicle emissions is foreseeable unless stronger measures are implemented because the benefit of current policies can be quickly offset by the vehicle growth. Major efforts should be focused on all cities, especially developing cities where the requirements are lenient. This work aims a better understanding of vehicle emissions in all types of Chinese cities. The proposed method could benefit national emission inventory studies in improving accuracy and help in designing national and local policies for vehicle emission control.     

非固定化和固定化啤酒酵母对Cd2+和Cu2+的吸附特性研究

对比了不同吸附剂对重金属的吸附效果,同时研究了啤酒酵母的固定化方法、菌体用量对吸附效果的影响、非固定化和固定化啤酒酵母吸附热力学特性。研究结果表明,非固定化死啤酒酵母对Cd²⁺的单位菌体吸附量是常用吸附剂活性炭的3倍;由1∶3的海藻酸钠与碱处理啤酒酵母（w/w）制得的固定化颗粒吸附效果最好;菌体用量的增加会降低单位菌体对重金属的吸附量;啤酒酵母对重金属的吸附位点有限,Cd²⁺的实际最大吸附量为13.95 mg/g,Cu²⁺为7.67 mg/     

内循环管式光催化反应器降解水中喹啉的动力学研究

采用内循环管式光催化反应器,考察不同的温度、有机物底物浓度、光照强度、曝气强度等因素对水中喹啉的降解效果影响,在此基础上进行降解动力学研究。实验结果表明:温度、喹啉初始浓度、光照强度、曝气强度等因素与喹啉的催化降解呈现良好的相关关系,喹啉的表观吸附平衡常数为0.0244 L/mg,溶解氧表观吸附平衡常数为2.11,反应活化能为16.734 kJ/mol,光照强度修正指数为0.525。     

猪场废水厌氧发酵液循环脱氮工艺

研究了水解酸化与生物接触氧化组合循环工艺处理猪养殖场废水厌氧发酵液的脱氮特性,重点考察了组合工艺的最佳运行工况和参数,同时讨论了组合工艺低温运行的性能。结果表明,水力停留时间24 h和污水循环比1∶3为最佳运行工况,此时出水氨氮浓度为2.16～8.20 mg/L。溶解氧(DO)浓度2～3 mg/L和有机负荷3 g/L以下为最佳运行参数,出水氨氮浓度稳定在10 mg/L以下。在春季低温条件下(8～12℃),组合工艺也能较好运行,水解酸化池内小分子有机酸产生总量为114.50～244.22 mg/L。组合工艺连续运行3个月以上,污染物去除效果稳定。     

活性炭辅助微波活化煤矸石的“枣糕”模型

采用活性炭辅助微波活化煤矸石,将煤矸石的活化时间由传统高温焙烧方法的2 h缩短到了24 min以内。将70目活性炭与200目煤矸粉以2.0∶1的质量配比充分混合后在800 W微波功率下活化24 min,铝铁浸出率可达750℃焙烧2 h的1.71倍。将微波看做实体物质,将活化过程看做是由活性炭向煤矸粉的单向微波能量传递,引入化学反应工程学方法,"枣糕"模型计算表明,在680 W功率下,活性炭的微波附着速率常数ka=0.334 min-1,微波脱附速率常数k’a=0.050 min-1,煤矸粉的微波附着速率常数kb=0.262 min-1,相关系数R=0.99997。在528、680、800 W 3个功率水平下,"枣糕"模型的计算值均与实验值拟合良好,相关系数均高于0.999,在以上3功率下,发现极限铝铁相对浸出率a与极限温升ΔTmax近似成正比。     

AOAB工艺处理难降解混合化工污水的挂膜启动

采用AOAB(水解酸化A1+生物接触氧化O+深度水解酸化A2+曝气生物滤池BAF)工艺处理难降解混合化工污水,重点研究工艺挂膜方式和生物膜的驯化。结果表明,采用分段连续式挂膜法进行反应器挂膜,20 d即可完成快速挂膜启动;采用分阶段同步培养驯化法驯化生物膜,30 d内可完成高浓度多组分混合化工污水进水的驯化,最终进水COD 1 456 mg/L,出水COD 324 mg/L,总去除率76.85%,驯化效果显著;整个工艺对COD的降解主要集中在生物接触氧化池和曝气生物滤池,驯化期间生物接触氧化池去除率稳定在40%左右,曝气生物滤池去除率稳定在50%以上。同时,通过对比一段水解酸化和深度水解酸化的VFA(挥发性脂肪酸)产出,表明在高有机负荷进水时,一段水解酸化降解大分子有机物的能力有限,但这些有机物可通过二段水解酸化再次降解,由此体现了AOAB工艺在处理多组分混合型的难降解化工污水的优势。     

处理日本遗弃在华化学武器专用透气防毒服的研究

本文针对日本遗弃在华化学武器的性质和特点,根据销毁工程对个人防护装备的需求．通过对目前国内外主要透气防毒材料的比较分析,提出了专用透气防毒服内外层纺织材料的技术性能指标和要求．为专用透气防毒服的研制做了前期技术准备。     

整装沙漠油田废水零排放的研究探索

文章介绍了陆梁油田通过对采出水处理工艺进行优化,并将其应用于油田水处理厂罐内喷淋除气技术等工艺;污水回收工艺作业废液处理采用二段式自然除油沉降原理进行预处理;利用反应吸附技术进行废液二次处理,生活污水一元化处理等工艺,对油田废水进行处理回注。年节约费用671.8万元,实现废水零排放,达到了环境保护和经济效益双赢的目的,为沙漠油田污水处理提供借鉴。     

河北省高校社会体育专业培养目标及学生满意度调查分析

运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法和对比分析法,对我省社会体育专业本专科院校的培养目标情况、学生收获和满意度情况进行调查分析。研究结果表明,中环院社会体育专业学生对课程体系设置的满意度最高,就业信心指数最大。进一步分析可知,以社会体育产业为目标定位、以能力本位为教育模式对社会体育专业学生的培养具有一定的优越性     

Spatial distribution,potential risk assessment,and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of Lake Chaohu,China

Twenty-nine sediment samples were collected from Lake Chaohu, a shallow eutrophic lake in Eastern China, and were analyzed for 15 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to determine the spatial distribution and exposure risks of PAHs. Three receptor models, the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, and the Unmix model, were used in combination with the PAHs diagnostic ratios to investigate the potential source apportionment of PAHs. A clear gradient in the spatial distribution and the potential toxicity of PAHs was observed from west to east in the sediments of Lake Chaohu. ∑₁₅PAH concentrations and the TEQ were in the range of 80.82-30 365.01 ng g^?1 d.w. and 40.77-614.03, respectively. The highest values of the aforementioned variables were attributed to urban–industrial pollution sources in the west lake region, and the levels decreased away from the river inlets. The three different models yielded excellent correlation coefficients between the predicted and measured levels of the 15 PAH compounds. Similarly, source apportionment results were derived from the three receptor models and the PAH diagnostic ratios, suggesting that the highest contribution to the PAHs was from coal combustion and wood combustion, followed by vehicular emissions. The PMF model yielded the following contributions to the PAHs from gasoline combustion, diesel combustion, unburned petroleum emissions, and wood combustion: 34.49, 24.61, 16.11, 13.01, and 11.78 %, respectively. The PMF model produced more detailed source apportionment results for the PAHs than the PCA-MLR and Unmix models.