抽水对地壳形变观测影响的研究

抽水引起地面沉降问题早已引起世界各国的关注,是目前世界上许多取用地下水的国家共同面临的严重环境保护问题。我国地面沉降研究工作的开展已有10多年的历史,主要方法是利用沉降模型进行模拟推测,其弊端较多。由于缺少地下水水位和地面沉降的实际观测资料,难以进行细致的研究。蓟县地震台进行地形变监测已有十几年的历史,在长期的地形变观测中,不仅能监视到抽水引起地面倾角的地变化(经换算可得地面垂直方向的变化),还能监视地面因抽水引起地面水平方向的变化。为具体研究人工抽水与地壳形变的关系进行抽水实验。     

同安区工业固体废物管理现状及防治对策

阐述了厦门市同安区工业固体废物的环境管理现状，分析其原因，并就辖区工业固废污染防治工作提出了对策措施。     

生物脱氮除磷技术的新动向

综述了生物脱氮除磷技术的原理及其影响因素:pH值、碳源、溶解氧、污泥停留时间、MLSS值、抑制物等的研究概况;并对反硝化除磷、同时硝化与反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等生物脱氮除磷新技术的相关工艺及其特点进行了评述.     

二维水质模型横向扩散系数的人工神经网络模拟

将人工神经网络的理论和方法引入河流横向扩散系数的理论预测中，提出了基于BP人工神经网络的横向扩散系统预测模型，应用国内外河流的实测样本对模型进行训练与检验表明，该模型用于横向扩散系数的计算不仅可行而且精度较高，为河流横向扩散系数预测研究开辟了新途径。     

Tracking Cryptosporidium in urban wastewater treatment plants in a cold region: Occurrence,species and infectivity

• Cryptosporidium in WWTPs in a cold region was investigated in different seasons. • The overall removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium in WWTPs was over 84%. • The infectivity rate declined below 53% in effluents mainly due to disinfection. • The infectivity of Cryptosporidium increased with a seasonal drop in temperature. • Low temperature promotes binding protein retention and virulence genes expression. This study investigated the occurrence, species, infectivity and removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium spp. across typical wastewater treatment train. Samples from different process units were collected seasonally and synchronously from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Northeastern China. Live Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in most samples from both influent (97.50%) and effluent (90.00%) wastewaters of the four WWTPs, at an average density of 26.34 and 4.15 oocysts/L, respectively. The overall removal efficiency was 84.25%, and oocysts were mainly removed (62.01%) by the modified secondary sedimentation process. Ten Cryptosporidium species were identified in the effluent samples. C. andersoni, C. bovis, and C. ryanae were the three most prevalent species. Oocyst viability assays indicated no reduction of excystation rate during the primary and secondary wastewater treatments (varied in the range of 63.08%–68.50%), but the excystation rate declined to 52.21% in the effluent after disinfection. Notably, the Cryptosporidium oocysts showed higher infection intensity in the cold season (winter and spring) than that in summer and autumn. The influences of environmental temperature on virulence factors of Cryptosporidium were further examined. It was observed that more extracellular secretory proteins were bound on the oocyst surface and several virulence genes were expressed relatively strongly at low temperatures, both of which could facilitate oocyst adhesion, invasion, and host immune evasion. This research is of considerable interest since it serves as an important step towards more accurate panoramic recognition of Cryptosporidium risk reduction in WWTPs, and especially highlights the potential health risk associated with Cryptosporidium in cold regions/seasons.     

Development of database of real-world diesel vehicle emission factors for China

A database of real-world diesel vehicle emission factors, based on type and technology, has been developed following tests on more than 300 diesel vehicles in China using a portable emission measurement system. The database provides better understanding of diesel vehicle emissions under actual driving conditions. We found that although new regulations have reduced real-world emission levels of diesel trucks and buses significantly for most pollutants in China,NO_x emissions have been inadequately controlled by the current standards, especially for diesel buses, because of bad driving conditions in the real world. We also compared the emission factors in the database with those calculated by emission factor models and used in inventory studies. The emission factors derived from COPERT (Computer Programmer to calculate Emissions from Road Transport) and MOBILE may both underestimate real emission factors, whereas the updated COPERT and PART5 (Highway Vehicle Particulate Emission Modeling Software) models may overestimate emission factors in China. Real-world measurement results and emission factors used in recent emission inventory studies are inconsistent, which has led to inaccurate estimates of emissions from diesel trucks and buses over recent years. This suggests that emission factors derived from European or US-basedmodels will not truly represent real-world emissions in China. Therefore, it is useful and necessary to conduct systematic real-world measurements of vehicle emissions in China in order to obtain the optimum inputs for emission inventory models.     

济南地区春季大气中细颗粒物分布状况及形态的透射电镜实验研究

利用透射电镜观察分析了济南地区春季大气中细颗粒物显微形态及粒径分布状况,利用统计回归分析方法绘制了细颗粒物粒径与数量分布状况关系曲线及相应的柱状图.每例样品的采样时间为24小时,连续十天采样,统计分析结果表明:大气中细颗粒物粒径主要分布在0 μm～1μm范围之间,其次为1μm～2μm之间,实验结果对于研究大气中PM2.5及大气污染状况具有一定的参考价值,实验方法值得推广应用.     

兰州银滩湿地公园水质指标测定

为了解兰州银滩湿地公园对黄河水质的净化作用,对兰州银滩湿地公园不同河段的水流中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总磷和氟化物的含量进行了测定。测定结果表明:湿地对水中TP的净化效果较好,去除率达到79.6%;对NH4+-N的净化效果次之,去除率达到了40.0%;对F-和NO2--N的净化作用一般。     

An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of China’s Land Conversion Program on Farmers’ Income Growth and Labor Transfer

In this article, we hypothesize that in addition to participation status and household characteristics, the impact of China’s Sloping Land Conversion Program on income growth and labor transfer is determined by local economic conditions, program range, and political leadership, and the degree of impact on income may vary among different economic sectors. To test these propositions, we have compiled a panel data set of 600 households in three counties in the Loess Plateau region, with observations for times both prior to and after the program’s inception (1999 and 2006), for both aggregate and categorical incomes, and for both participating and non-participating households. Using a difference in differences model and repeated cross-sectional data, we find that participation status, local economic conditions, program extent, and political leadership indeed have significant impacts on household income and off-farm employment. Moreover, the effects of participation on crop production income, animal husbandry income, and off-farm income vary substantially. These results carry major policy implications in terms of how to improve the effectiveness and impact of ecological restoration efforts in and outside of China.     

重金属离子对活性污泥处理污水的影响

研究了Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+3种金属离子对活性污泥系统处理污水效能的影响。通过对出水理化指标和生物指标的测定反映Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+对活性污泥系统运转效能的影响。结果表明:实验第4 d,Hg2+(0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6 mg/L),Cd2+(15、20、25和30 mg/L)和Pb2+(300、400、600和800 mg/L)各实验组出水的COD、SVI等均有显著影响。在实验中得出,对COD影响最为明显的为浓度600 mg/L和800 mg/L Pb2+实验组,在第4 d时,出水的COD去除率已经为零。锐利楯纤虫对Hg2+的浓度变化耐受力较强;点钟虫对Cd2+的浓度变化耐受力较强;杯钟虫对Cd2+的浓度变化耐受力较强。锐利楯纤虫对Pb2+和Cd2+的浓度变化较为敏感;点钟虫对Hg2+的浓度变化较为敏感;小口钟虫对Pb2+的浓度变化较为敏感。