场地土壤重金属镉和铅复合污染毒性阈值的推导及其应用

镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)是生物体非必要元素,具有毒性大、迁移性强等特点,二者在场地土壤中通常存在复合污染的现象.土壤污染物预测无效应浓度(predicted no effect concentration,PNEC)是污染物自身毒性与不确定性系数共同决定的参数,其中土壤污染物的生物有效性是PNEC值不确定性的重要来源.本研究选择湖南常宁某铜矿冶炼厂和江苏靖江某电镀厂2个不同类型的污染场地及周边土壤,基于土壤理化性质及重金属的有效性浓度,采用经验模型估算出Cd和Pb单一污染对植物根系生长的半效应浓度(median effect concentration,EC50)及其土壤中的PNEC,通过浓度加和(concentration addition,CA)模型,结合外推因子法,估算获得场地土壤实际Cd和Pb复合污染的预测无效应浓度(PNEC面x).结果 表明,2个场地土壤中Cd的平均含量分别为背景值的102倍和37.6倍,Pb平均含量分别为背景值的15.1倍和3.86倍,Cd和Pb复合污染现象明显.由于2个场地土壤性质差异较大,Cd和Pb的EC50存在较大差异,EC50(Cd)分别为19.1 ～36.2 mg·kg-1和20.1 ～ 35.4 mg· kg-1,而EC50(Pb)分别为366～1891 mg·kg-1和682～1575 mg·kg-1.同时由于场地实际污染土壤的理化性质及Pb/Cd含量比不同,所推导的PNECmix也存在明显差异,Cd含量及其在Cd和Pb总量中的占比较高的土壤样点的PNECmix较低,2个场地的PNECmix分别为0.933～37.9 mg·kg-1和32.9 ～ 744 mg· kg-1.2个场地调查样点中Cd和Pb含量的实测值均在一定程度上高于相应的PNECmix,对植物生长存在一定的生态风险.因此,进行复合污染生态风险基准值制定和生态风险评价时,需要考虑影响污染物的生物有效性和关键场地特异性(site-specific)因素,如土壤理化性质及不同污染物浓度比等.     

民航管制员违章行为探讨

从内在动力和外在诱因两个方面分析了管制员违章行为产生的根本原因,着重归纳了管制员有意违章的临界心理状态,揭示了违章行为的规律,并提出具体的防范控制措施.     

狭长通道内风幕挡烟效果的数值分析

研究利用风幕阻挡通道内烟气蔓延的可能性及其效果,结合一小型狭长通道,采用数值模拟计算方法进行了初步分析.重点考察了风幕前倾角、风幕出口风速和回风口位置三个主要因素对风幕在狭长通道内挡烟效果的影响.结果表明,适当增大风幕前倾角、逐渐提高出口风速、适当前移回风口位置均有助于加强风幕在狭长通道内的挡烟效果.而当火源功率较大而风幕出口风速过小时,将不能很好地阻挡烟气的蔓延.数值分析结果表明,综合考虑上述三种因素,就可以使用风幕有效地阻挡烟气在狭长通道内的蔓延.     

铜污染草地对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊矿物质元素代谢的影响

为了评价草地铜污染对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊的影响,探讨铜污染的治理方法,在乌蒙山区的妈姑镇和凉水沟开展草地放牧试验和矿物质元素补充研究。应用原子发射光谱分析土壤、牧草和动物组织的重金属含量,应用全自动血液分析仪分析血液指标。放牧试验的结果显示:铜污染草地放牧明显增加了动物组织铜和锌的含量(P 0.01),降低了动物组织钼和铁的含量(P 0.01),试验结束时,试验组动物的血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(PCV)、红细胞数(RBC)和平均红细胞体积(MCV)显著低于对照组(P 0.01),羊毛产量和长度显著低于对照组(P 0.01)。矿物质元素补充试验的结果显示:补充硫酸钠明显降低了铜污染草地放牧动物血液和肝脏铜元素含量,补充试验结束时,处理Ⅰ组动物血液的Hb、PCV、RBC和MCV显著高于处理Ⅱ组(P 0.01),血液指标达到正常范围。处理Ⅱ组动物血液和肝脏铜元素的含量继续升高,动物组织钼的含量继续降低(P 0.01),Hb、PCV和RBC继续下降,试验结束时出现溶血性贫血,但补充硫对羊毛品质的相关指标没有显著的影响。研究表明,铜污染草地严重影响了乌蒙半细毛羊的矿物质代谢,补充硫酸钠可以部分拮抗铜的毒性。     

某商场分散式排烟系统设计的探讨

以某大型综合性商场为例,运用建筑防火性能化设计理论和方法,对商场的排烟系统进行了分析计算,在数值模拟计算的基础上提出改进意见,并针对商场的不同部分的建筑结构特点给出不同的防排烟措施,以达到最佳的排烟效果.     

人血淋巴细胞检测浊漳河地表水的遗传毒性

为评价浊漳河水体中有机污染物的致突变性,采用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术,研究了浊漳河水体3个不同样点的有机提取物对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤效应。结果显示,各水样中的有机提取物均能引起DNA损伤,且随剂量的增高,有机物对DNA的损伤加重;细胞DNA损伤与对照组相比均有显著性差异(p<0.01)。这表明人外周血淋巴细胞对水体有机污染物的毒作用非常敏感。细胞彗星尾部DNA含量(%DNAT)和染毒剂量呈极显著正相关(R2>0.8547,p<0.01)。以上结果表明,浊漳河水体受到一定程度的有机物污染,这些有机污染物可诱导淋巴细胞DNA损伤,具有遗传毒性。SCGE技术作为一种简便、快速和灵敏的检测方法在水环境遗传毒性监测方面具有较大的应用价值。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法联用测定水中氯苯系化合物

采用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱联用技术对水中九种氯苯进行测定。优化了SPME的萃取条件,选用65μmPDMS—DVB萃取涂层,在加入1．5gNaCl,温度为20℃的条件下萃取15min,280％解吸4min。该方法的相对标准偏差小于8％,相关系数大于0．9988。将该方法应用于湘江水中氯苯的测定,回收率分别为79．4％-99．9％,证明了访方法对痕量氯苯分析的可行性与可靠性。     

Phosphorus fractionation in different trophic sediments of lakes from different regions, China

The characteristics of organic phosphorus (P(o)) fractions in the sediments of nine lakes from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region, Yungui Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Northeast China Region, and Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau, China were investigated and the differences of the different lakes on P fractionation was discussed. The results indicated that organic matter (OM) showed significant positive correlations with P(o) in sediment samples, and the rank order of the P(o) fractions was: residual P(o) > HCl-P(o) > fulvic acid-P(o) > humic acid-P(o) > NaHCO(3)-P(o) with mean relative proportions 7.4 : 3.4 : 2.4 : 1.7 : 1.0. The labile and moderately labile P(o) were the main fractions in the sediments for shallow eutrophic lakes except for Lake Qilu, however, nonlabile P(o) was dominant in the sediments from deep lakes. Labile P(o) was significantly correlated with total phosphorus (TP), inorganic phosphorus (P(i)), P(o), NaHCO(3)-P(i), HCl-P(i) and NaOH-P(i), and the nonlabile P(o) was significantly and positively related to OM, TP, P(o) and NaOH-P(i).     

A 100 year sedimentary record of heavy metal pollution in a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Chaohu, China

This study has worked on the evaluation of the temporal and spatial evolution of heavy metal contamination in sediment taken from a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Chaohu, China, over the last 100 years, and thereby used (137)Cs and (210)Pb dating, a PIRLA procedure, statistical analysis, geochemical normalization and a enrichment factor calculation (EF). Concentrations of 5174, 29?325, 10.7, 36.4, 20.4, 386.0, 21.1 and 38.4 mg kg(-1) for Ti, Fe, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn, respectively, are proposed as natural background values for the Lake Chaohu based on a PIRLA procedure. The contamination history from the last 100 years can be divided into two periods. Before the 1960s, heavy metal contamination did not occur and there was no spatial difference for heavy metal distribution. Since the 1960s, heavy metal enrichment and contamination has occurred, and the west half of the lake region showed a higher degree of contamination than the east half to various intensified anthropogenic activities. In the east half of the lake region, the anthropogenic source of heavy metals mainly originated from agricultural intensification, whereas in the west half of the lake it originated from city runoff and industry as well as agriculture. In all anthropogenic heavy metals, Co is only from industry.     

Characterization, treatment and releases of PBDEs and PAHs in a typical municipal sewage treatment plant situated beside an urban river, East China

Characterization, treatment and releases of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners and sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewater were evaluated along the treatment processes of a typical secondary treatment municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) (in Hefei City) situated the beside Nanfei River, East China. The findings showed that the average concentrations of the total PBDEs in raw wastewater and treated effluent were 188.578 and 36.884 ng/L respectively. Brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) 209 congener, the predominant PBDE in the STP and Nanfei River, could be related to the discharge of car-industry-derived wastes. For PAHs, the average concentrations in raw wastewater and treated effluent were 5758.8 and 2240.4 ng/L respectively, with naphthalene, benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene being detected at the highest concentrations. PAHs mainly originate from the combustion of biomass/coal and petroleum. The STP reduced about 80% of the PBDEs and 61% of the PAHs, which were eliminated mainly by sedimentation processes. The removal rates of PBDEs/PAHs increased with the increase of their solid-water partitioning coefficients. Accordingly, the STP's effluent, containing some PBDE congeners (e.g., BDE 47, 99 and 209, etc.) and low-molecular-weight PAHs, could be an important contributor of these contaminants' input to Nanfei River. It resulted in a significant increase of PBDE/PAH concentrations and PAH toxicological risk in the river water downstream. About 4.040 kg/yr of PBDEs and 245.324 kg/yr of PAHs could be released into the Nanfei River. The current conventional wastewater treatment processes should be improved to remove the relatively low-molecular-weight PBDEs/PAHs more effectively.