Poplar plantation has the potential to alter the water balance in semiarid Inner Mongolia

Poplar plantation is the most dominant broadleaf forest type in northern China. Since the mid-1990s plantation was intensified to combat desertification along China's northwestern border, i.e., within Inner Mongolia (IM). This evoked much concern regarding the ecological and environmental effects on areas that naturally grow grass or shrub vegetation. To highlight potential consequences of large-scale poplar plantations on the water budget within semiarid IM, we compared the growing season water balance (evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation (PPT)) of a 3-yr old poplar plantation (Kp₃) and a natural shrubland (Ks) in the Kubuqi Desert in western IM, and a 6-yr old poplar plantation (Bp₆) growing under sub-humid climate near Beijing. The results showed that, despite 33% lower PPT at Kp₃, ET was 2% higher at Kp₃ (228 mm) as compared with Ks (223 mm) in May–September 2006. The difference derived mainly from higher ET at the plantation during drier periods of the growing season, which also indicated that the poplars must have partly transpired groundwater. Estimated growing season ET at Bp₆ was about 550 mm and more than 100% higher than at Kp₃. It is estimated that increases in leaf area index and net radiation at Kp₃ provide future potential for the poplars in Kubuqi to exceed the present ET and ET of the natural shrubland by 100–200%. These increases in ET are only possible through the permanent use of groundwater either directly by the trees or through increased irrigation. This may significantly change the water balance in the area (e.g., high ET at the cost of a reduction in the water table), which renders large-scale plantations a questionable tool in sustainable arid-land management.     

长江水系武汉段沉积物再悬浮过程中PAHs的释放动力学

采用沉积物再悬浮模拟装置进行了再悬浮过程中多环芳烃（PAHs）的释放动力学实验,研究了长江水系武汉段7种沉积物中PAHs的释放动力学特征,并考察了沉积物组成对PAHs释放动力学的影响.结果表明,不同剪应力作用下的沉积物再悬浮过程中,不同性质沉积物中PAHs向上覆水体的释放均符合一级动力学方程,且释放过程分为两个阶段,第...     

Primary production and rain use efficiency across a precipitation gradient on the Mongolia Plateau

Understanding how the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of arid and semiarid ecosystems of the world responds to variations in precipitation is crucial for assessing the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Rain-use efficiency (RUE) is an important measure for acquiring this understanding. However, little is known about the response pattern of RUE for the largest contiguous natural grassland region of the world, the Eurasian Steppe. Here we investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of ANPP and RUE and their key driving factors based on a long-term data set from 21 natural arid and semiarid ecosystem sites across the Inner Mongolia steppe region in northern China. Our results showed that, with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP), (1) ANPP increased while the interannual variability of ANPP declined, (2) plant species richness increased and the relative abundance of key functional groups shifted predictably, and (3) RUE increased in space across different ecosystems but decreased with increasing annual precipitation within a given ecosystem. These results clearly indicate that the patterns of both ANPP and RUE are scale dependent, and the seemingly conflicting patterns of RUE in space vs. time suggest distinctive underlying mechanisms, involving interactions among precipitation, soil N, and biotic factors. Also, while our results supported the existence of a common maximum RUE, they also indicated that its value could be substantially increased by altering resource availability, such as adding nitrogen. Our findings have important implications for understanding and predicting ecological impacts of global climate change and for management practices in arid and semiarid ecosystems in the Inner Mongolia steppe region and beyond.     

The evolving local social contract for managing climate and disaster risk in Vietnam

How do disasters shape local government legitimacy in relation to managing climate‐ and disaster‐related risks? This paper looks at how local authorities in Central Vietnam perceive their social contract for risk reduction, including the partial merging of responsibilities for disaster risk management with new plans for and investments in climate change adaptation and broader socioeconomic development. The findings indicate that extreme floods and storms constitute critical junctures that stimulate genuine institutional change. Local officials are proud of their strengthened role in disaster response and they are eager to boost investment in infrastructure. They have struggled to reinforce their legitimacy among their constituents, but given the shifting roles of the state, private sector, and civil society, and the undiminished emphasis on high‐risk development models, their responsibilities for responding to emerging climate change scenarios are increasingly nebulous. The past basis for legitimacy is no longer valid, but tomorrow's social contract is not yet defined.     

再生粗骨料混凝土柱耐火性能试验与理论分析

为研究再生粗骨料混凝土柱的耐火性能,进行了1个足尺的再生粗骨料混凝土柱和足尺的1个普通混凝土柱在竖向恒定荷载和温度场耦合作用下的耐火性能试验研究,2个试件的混凝土设计强度均为C30,2个柱采用相同的轴压比施加竖向荷载。在试验研究基础上,比较分析了2个试件的耐火极限以及各个测点的温度变化、侧向挠度、轴向变形和破坏过程;用有限元软件ABAQUS对试件截面温度场进行了模拟分析,测点温度增量模拟结果与实测温度增量符合较好。研究表明:相同初始轴压比条件下,混凝土强度接近的再生粗骨料混凝土柱比普通混凝土柱升温速度慢,具有相对较好的隔热性能;再生粗骨料混凝土柱比普通混凝土柱的抗爆裂性能好,耐火极限长;因再生粗骨料混凝土柱比普通混凝土柱的孔隙率相对较高,在高温作用下其内部蒸汽应力可得到一定释放,由此引起的柱子轴向压缩变形相应也较大;一定条件下的再生粗骨料混凝土柱可用于建筑工程。     

鄱阳湖水体颗粒物对3种典型藻类的生长及絮凝作用

研究了鄱阳湖水体颗粒物对3种典型藻类的生长及絮凝作用.以铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)、四尾栅藻(绿藻)和菱形藻(硅藻)为研究对象,鄱阳湖采集沉积物为悬浮颗粒物,利用500 m L玻璃锥形瓶作为小型、光照均一体系,于此体系中研究了颗粒物对藻类生长的影响,使用混凝试验搅拌仪分别研究了颗粒物粒径、浓度和体系p H对颗粒物絮凝沉降藻细胞的影响.在小型光照均一体系中,20 mg·L-1(鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物低浓度)和80 mg·L-1(鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物高浓度)颗粒物对3种藻类的生长影响均较小.在颗粒物投加量为0.02 g·L-1时,60~300目颗粒物均促进藻类的絮凝沉降,并且随着颗粒物粒径(D50)的增大,藻细胞的絮凝沉降效率逐渐减小,而且粒径在1~25μm部分的颗粒在此过程中占主导地位.当颗粒物投加量由0.02 g·L-1升至1.28 g·L-1时,3种藻的絮凝沉降效率随之提高.在颗粒物投加量为0.02 g·L-1时,铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和菱形藻的絮凝沉降效率仅为11.08%、15.87%和7.50%,当颗粒物浓度升至1.28 g·L-1时,3种藻的絮凝沉降效率分别达42.33%、41.72%、28.98%.在p H值6~10范围内,随着p H升高,颗粒物对蓝藻、绿藻的絮凝沉降作用逐渐减小,絮凝沉降效率分别从p H为6时的36.10%、35.07%降到p H为10时的16.25%、12.59%;而对硅藻的絮凝沉降作用不明显.由此可见,鄱阳湖水体颗粒物影响藻类的絮凝沉降过程,使藻类的群落结构发生变化.     

光合有效辐射在大气中的衰减

2004年9月～2006年10月,在华北地区的4个站点开展了太阳辐射、气象参数等的综合观测,得到了光合有效辐射PAR、总辐射Q等的变化特征.水汽和散射因子对于PAR/Q和PAR有明显的影响.基于能量观点,建立了实际天气PAR小时累计值(时累)的经验模式,获得了较好的计算结果.水汽因子对于PAR在大气中的传输有一定的作用,应给予重视.计算表明,华北地区受水汽因子衰减到达地面的PAR以及占地面PAR的比例分别为7.99W.m-2和4.24%,受散射因子衰减到达地面的PAR以及占地面PAR的比例分别为172.36W.m-2和95.76%.华北地区受水汽因子和散射因子影响损失于大气中PAR分别为15.33、309.30W.m-2,这一能量损失表现出明显的季节变化和区域差别.敏感性实验表明,地表PAR对于水汽因子、散射因子的变化有不同的响应,PAR对散射因子的变化比对水汽因子的变化更敏感.水汽因子与PAR之间的关系与水密切相关,水汽因子项的真正含义应该是大气中的各种物质成分(气、液、固态)对于PAR的直接吸收和间接利用(通过化学和光化学反应,包括均相和非均相过程)的总和.利用PAR经验模式计算了大气顶的PAR,计算误差为-3.5%.在目前及未来研究中,应该重视和考虑消耗于大气中的且与水汽有关的这部分能量.基于能量观点分析实测资料并研究大气中的物理化学过程及其规律是一种行之有效的方法.     

基于工序工艺的精细化工业源排放清单编制及应用研究

以天津市津南区为例,采用自下而上的方式基于工序工艺建立了2017年精细化工业源排放清单,并深入探讨其对于工业源管理治理的实践应用意义.结果表明,津南区全年排放SO2 1778.50 t、NOx3972.40 t、PM2331.35 t、VOCs 933.49 t.津南区涉气工业企业入园率为68.55％,园区内企业SO2...     

一种测量绝缘子内径的新型卡钳的研发与应用

随着输电线路电压等级的不断升高, 输电线路绝缘子的尺寸和形状也发生了巨大变化,大吨位钟罩型绝缘子下表面棱槽深度已经超过了传统的内卡钳和外卡钳可以测量的深度,致使下表面棱槽内部区域内径无法通过传统卡钳直接测量得到。本文开发了一套新型卡钳工具,并成功地应用于各种型号绝缘子内径及表面积的测量中。应用结果表明:新型卡钳工具不仅实现了大吨位钟罩型绝缘子内径及表面积的现场测量,提高了工作效率,而且确保了测量的精度,为绝缘子内径及表面积的工程测量提供了有利的帮助。