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11.
I Stemmler G Lammel 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(6):1971-1980
Continental-scale distribution and inter-continental transport of four polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (28, 101, 153, 180) from 1950 to 2010 were studied using the global multicompartment chemistry transport model MPI-MCTM. Following identical primary emissions for all PCB congeners into air, most of the burden is stored in terrestrial (soil and vegetation) compartments. Thereby, PCB-28, PCB-101 and PCB-153 show a shift of the soil burden maxima from source to remote regions. This shift is downwind with regard to the westerlies for Eurasia and upwind for North America and more prominent for the lighter PCBs than for PCB-153 or PCB-180. In meridional direction, all congeners' distributions underwent a northward migration in Eurasia and North America since the 1950s. Inter-continental transport from Eurasian sources accounts largely for contamination of Alaska and British Columbia and determines the migration of the PCB distribution in soil in North America. Trans-Pacific transport occurs mainly in the gas phase in boreal winter (December-January-February) at 3-4 km altitude and is on a multi-year time scale strongly linked to the atmospheric pressure systems over the Pacific. Inter-continental transport of the lighter, more volatile PCBs is more efficient than for the heavier PCBs. 相似文献
12.
Ajaz‐ul Haque Irene Weisgerber Dimitris Kotzias Werner Klein Friedhelm Korte 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):211-223
Abstract The urea herbicide buturon (N‐[p‐chlorophenyl] ‐N’ ‐methyl‐N’ ‐isobutinyl‐urea), 14C‐labeled, was sprayed on winter wheat as an aqueous formulation (2.98 kg/ha) under outdoor conditions. Upon harvest (three months after application), a total of 49. 2% of the applied radiocarbon was recovered: 2.0% in the plants, 46.9% in the soil, and 0.3% in the leaching water (depth > 50 cm); less than 0.1% was in the grains (0.464 ppm). Only about half of the radioactivity present in plants could be recovered under mild extraction conditions; about half of this was unchanged buturon. In straw and husk extracts, the following metabolites were identified by gaschromatography/mass spectrometry: N‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐methyl‐O‐methyl‐carbamate (metabolite I), N‐phenyl‐N’ ‐formyl‐urea (metabolite II), two unstable metabolites giving (p‐chlorophenyl)‐isocyanate upon purification (metabolites III and IV), N‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐N’ ‐methyl‐N’ ‐isobutenylol‐urea (metabolite V), p‐chloroformanilide (metabolite VI) and biologically bound p‐chloroaniline (metabolite VII). In the root and basal stem extract, the following metabolites were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: N‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐O‐methyl‐carbamate (metabolite VIII) and N‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐N’ ‐methyl‐urea (metabolite IX). 相似文献
13.
Santoro R Jucker T Prisco I Carboni M Battisti C Acosta AT 《Environmental management》2012,49(3):534-542
Sandy coastlines are sensitive ecosystems where human activities can have considerable negative impacts. In particular, trampling
by beach visitors is a disturbance that affects dune vegetation both at the species and community level. In this study we
assess the effects of the limitation of human trampling on dune vegetation in a coastal protected area of Central Italy. We
compare plant species diversity in two recently fenced sectors with that of an unfenced area (and therefore subject to human
trampling) using rarefaction curves and a diversity/dominance approach during a two year study period. Our results indicate
that limiting human trampling seems to be a key factor in driving changes in the plant diversity of dune systems. In 2007
the regression lines of species abundance as a function of rank showed steep slopes and high Y-intercept values in all sectors, indicating a comparable level of stress and dominance across the entire study site. On the
contrary, in 2009 the regression lines of the two fenced sectors clearly diverge from that of the open sector, showing less
steep slopes. This change in the slopes of the tendency lines, evidenced by the diversity/dominance diagrams and related to
an increase in species diversity, suggests the recovery of plant communities in the two fences between 2007 and 2009. In general,
plant communities subject to trampling tended to be poorer in species and less structured, since only dominant and tolerant
plant species persisted. Furthermore, limiting trampling appears to have produced positive changes in the dune vegetation
assemblage after a period of only two years. These results are encouraging for the management of coastal dune systems. They
highlight how a simple and cost-effective management strategy, based on passive recovery conservation measures (i.e., fence
building), can be a quick (1–2 years) and effective method for improving and safeguarding the diversity of dune plant communities. 相似文献
14.
da Silva LI de Souza Sarkis JE Zotin FM Carneiro MC Neto AA da Silva Ados S Cardoso MJ Monteiro MI 《Chemosphere》2008,71(4):677-684
In this work, 24-h PM10 samples were collected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and analysed for trace elements (Cd, Ce, Cu, La, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pd, Rh, Sb and Sn). The sampling was carried out at five locations (Bonsucesso; Centro, downtown city; Copacabana; Nova Igua?u and Sumaré) with different traffic densities and anthropogenic activities. An analytical method based on the EPA method for the determination of trace elements in airborne particulate matter (PM), using ultrasonic-assisted extraction and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied. Our results suggest that vehicular traffic is the most important source of environmental pollution at the studied sites. The presence of Mo, Pd and Rh in the analysed filters reflects an additional source of pollution caused by the erosion and deterioration of automotive catalytic converters. 相似文献
15.
Rachèl V. van Schendel G. C. Page-Christiaens Lean Beulen Catia M. Bilardo Marjon A. de Boer Audrey B. C. Coumans Brigitte H. Faas Irene M. van Langen Klaske D. Lichtenbelt Merel C. van Maarle Merryn V. E. Macville Dick Oepkes Eva Pajkrt Lidewij Henneman for the Dutch NIPT Consortium 《黑龙江环境通报》2016,36(12):1091-1098
16.
17.
Irene Kranzioch Claudia Stoll Andreas Holbach Hao Chen Lijing Wang Binghui Zheng Stefan Norra Yonghong Bi Karl-Werner Schramm Andreas Tiehm 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(10):7046-7056
Several groups of bacteria such as Dehalococcoides spp., Dehalobacter spp., Desulfomonile spp., Desulfuromonas spp., or Desulfitobacterium spp. are able to dehalogenate chlorinated pollutants such as chloroethenes, chlorobenzenes, or polychlorinated biphenyls under anaerobic conditions. In order to assess the dechlorination potential in Yangtze sediment samples, the presence and activity of the reductively dechlorinating bacteria were studied in anaerobic batch tests. Eighteen sediment samples were taken in the Three Gorges Reservoir catchment area of the Yangtze River, including the tributaries Jialing River, Daning River, and Xiangxi River. Polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated the presence of dechlorinating bacteria in most samples, with varying dechlorinating microbial community compositions at different sampling locations. Subsequently, anaerobic reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) was tested after the addition of electron donors. Most cultures dechlorinated PCE completely to ethene via cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) or trans-dichloroethene. Dehalogenating activity corresponded to increasing numbers of Dehalobacter spp., Desulfomonile spp., Desulfitobacterium spp., or Dehalococcoides spp. If no bacteria of the genus Dehalococcoides spp. were present in the sediment, reductive dechlorination stopped at cis-DCE. Our results demonstrate the presence of viable dechlorinating bacteria in Yangtze samples, indicating their relevance for pollutant turnover. 相似文献
18.
We describe here a new type of method for isolation of rare cell populations in biological fluids. The method is based on the anthraquinone technology for covalent binding of molecules to a polymer surface. An anthraquinone molecule conjugated via a linker to an electrophilic group (AQ Immobilizer™ reagent, Exiqon A/S) is covalently bound to a polymer surface by UV irradiation. The electrophilic group of this AQ reagent can covalently bind a specific antibody directed against a specific cell marker. Applying a cell sample to the functional surface, the cells having the specific cell marker on the cell surface will bind to the antibody on the functional surface. Using this technique, even extremely small cell populations may be isolated. We succeeded in isolating fetal cells from maternal blood samples in the first trimester for chromosome defects genetic diagnosis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
Marina Cabrini Manuela Andri Sara Cok Irene Pecchiar Serena Fonda Umani 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(1-2):95-105
In the frame of PRISMA II Project samples for plankton analyses were carried out during four cruises (June, 1996; February and June, 1997; February, 1998) in order to assess the relative importance in term of biomasses of the three main size fractions (pico- <2 r µm, nano- 2-20 r µm and micro-plankton >20 r µm). Spatial and temporal distribution of the three plankton fractions were described as abundance and contribution to the total carbon content in an area between Po River mouth and Rimini. The relative contribution of picoplankton resulted higher in the offshore zone, while that of nanoplankton in the inshore waters. In February 1998 microphytoplankton, mainly constituted by diatoms, was very abundant in the inshore waters. Micro-zooplankton was always very scarce. Cluster analyses performed on these data grouped the stations on the basis of their community structure, and agreed with the hydrological features. Small size classes contributed more significantly to the total plankton carbon content in most of the situations. Microplankton fraction contribution was relevant only during spring diatom bloom of February 1998 and with a less extent in the confined coastal summer blooms. 相似文献
20.
Huanbo Wang Leiming Zhang Irene Cheng Xiaohong Yao Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(5):1-11
To evaluate the effectiveness of emission control regulations designed for reducing air pollution, chemically resolved PM2.5 data have been collected across Canada through the National Air Pollution Surveillance network in the past decade. 24-hr time integrated PM2.5 collected at seven urban and two rural sites during 2010-2016 were analyzed to characterize geographical and seasonal patterns and associated potential causes. Site-specific seven-year mean gravimetric PM2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 5.7 to 9.6 µg/m3. Seven-year mean concentrations of SO42?, NO3?, NH4+, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were in the range of 0.68 to 1.6, 0.21 to 1.5, 0.27 to 0.71, 1.1 to 1.9, and 0.37 to 0.71 µg /m3, accounting for 10.8%-18.1%, 3.7%-16.7%, 4.7%-7.4%, 18.4%-21.0%, and 6.4%-10.6%, respectively, of gravimetric PM2.5 mass. PM2.5 and its five major chemical components showed higher concentrations in southeastern Canada and lower values in Atlantic Canada, with the seven-year mean ratios between the two regions being on the order of 1.7 for PM2.5 and 1.8-7.1 for its chemical components. When comparing the concentrations between urban and rural sites within the same region, those of SO42? and NH4+ were comparable, while those of NO3?, OC, and EC were around 20%, 40%-50%, and 70%-80%, respectively, higher at urban than rural sites, indicating the regional scale impacts of SO42? and NH4+ and effects of local sources on OC and EC. Monthly variations generally showed summertime peaks for SO42? and wintertime peaks for NO3?, but those of NH4+, OC, and EC exhibited different seasonality at different locations. 相似文献